Heritage Western Cape – minimum standards

 

 

HERITAGE WESTERN CAPE (HWC)  

MINIMUM STANDARDS FOR PHASE 1 ARCHAEOLOGICAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (AIA) REPORTS  

Archaeological Impact Assessments are required either as:  

• part of Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) submitted to the provincial Department of Environmental Affairs and Development Planning (in terms of the Environment Conservation Act, Act 73 of 1989, and the National Environment Management Act, as amended, Act 107 of 1998), in which case Heritage Western Cape (HWC) is a commenting authority in terms of s.38(8) of the National Heritage Resources Act (Act No. 25 of 1999) and forwards a Record of Decision to this Department, 

• or for developments specified in s.38(1) of the National Heritage Resources Act where a heritage impact assessment (HIA) is required as a result of a Notification of Intent to Develop (NID) to HWC, in which case HWC is the only decision-making authority. 

AIAs submitted for both types are assessed monthly by the Archaeology, Palaeontology and Meteorites Committee (APM) of HWC. Recommendations and decisions made by this Committee are for assessment of archaeological and palaeontological reports only and do not apply to any other decisions that might be required for the built environment or cultural landscape. 

HWC is working on the development of companion minimum standards for Palaeontological Impact Assessment (PIA) Reports. Until these are complete, the AIA minimum standards will be applied to both archaeological and palaeontological reports. 

Phase 1 AIAs are required to: 

• identify any archaeological sites (i.e. certain places with evidence of human activity more than 100 years old), 

• assess their significance, 

• comment on the impact the proposed development will have on them, and 

• make recommendations for mitigation or conservation. 

Phase 2 AIAs might be required for the mitigation (i.e. excavation or sampling) of significant sites before development takes place. 

Phase 3 AIAs might be required for the conservation of highly significant sites before, during and after development. 

1.1.Assessment and Reporting  

Phase 1 AIAs generally involve a field survey of the proposed development site and the report must therefore include: 

a. what type of AIA this is (i.e. s.38(1), or s.38(8); 

b. details of the location of the property to be developed; 

c. location of the sites that are found; 

d. short description of the characteristics of each site; 

e. short assessment of how important each site is; 

f. assessment of the potential impact of the development on the site/s; 

g. in some cases, a shovel test to establish the extent of a site, or collection of archaeological material to identify its associations, (for which a permit will be required); and 

h. recommendations for mitigation or conservation. 

The report is intended to inform the client about the heritage resources and their significance and make appropriate recommendations. It is essential that it also provides HWC with sufficient information about the sites in order for the Committee to assess with confidence and decide: 

a. whether or not it has objections to a development; 

b. what the conditions are upon which such development might proceed; 

c. which sites require permits for destruction; 

d. which sites require mitigation and what this should comprise; and 

e. what measures should/can be put in place to protect sites that should be conserved. 

When a Phase 1 is part of an EIA required by the Department of Environmental Affairs and Development Planning, wider issues such as public consultation and assessment of the spatial and visual impacts of the development might be undertaken as part of the general study and are usually not required from the archaeologist. If however the Phase 1 AIA forms a major component of an Impact Assessment required in terms of s.38(1) of the National Heritage Resources Act (usually referred to as a Heritage Impact Assessment or HIA), it will be necessary to ensure that the study addresses these requirements as specified in s.38(3) and (4). 

1.2.Letter of Recommendation for Exemption  

When a property is either very disturbed (e.g. has been quarried or mined) or is very small and the archaeologist believes it is highly unlikely that any archaeological remains will be found, a letter to HWC can be supplied by the specialist to indicate that there is no necessity for a full Phase 1 AIA report. This must be accompanied by information about the nature of the development and a map and photographic record of the relevant area. 

1.3.Requirements for Permits to Disturb or Destroy Archaeological Sites  

There are three points during development at which HWC may be approached for permission to disturb an archaeological site during the impact assessment process: 

1. Shovel-Test Permits: in particular circumstances (e.g. coastal settings or early colonial urban areas), these are issued to the archaeologist on request prior to or immediately after a Phase 1 survey in order to determine the depth and nature of archaeological deposits below ground level. 

2. Mitigation Permits as part of Phase 2 AIAs: these are for excavation or collection in order to sample and assess sites, and/or to recover materials for radiocarbon dating at sites that will be impacted by the development. The archaeologist must apply for these permits before the Phase 2 study, and after assessment of the Phase 1 AIA report. 

3. Destruction Permits: these are generally issued to the developer after assessment of Phase 2 AIA reports. HWC is likely to request that sites that will be destroyed to make way for development must be radiocarbon dated and later monitored during their destruction. Monitoring allows for the sampling of buried archaeological remains and for the recovery of the contents of unmarked human graves with as little disturbance as possible. 

2. AIAS AND THE NATIONAL INVENTORY  

Phase 1 and Phase 2 AIAs are very often the last opportunity we will ever have to record the remains or evidence of people who lived in this country before us. These records are immensely important to our understanding of the past and as such they form an important part of our National Estate. 

It is important that the quality of these reports is high, that they characterize and date the sites meaningfully, and reflect best practice in terms of the identification, assessment, interpretation and management of our archaeological heritage. These reports might well be consulted many years after their submission, either for the purpose of further heritage management, research, education or heritage tourism among others. 

Developers or specialists may soon be required to provide a copy of the report submitted to HWC to the SAHRA provincial office so that it can form part of the national inventory. 

3. PHASE 1 AIA REPORTS: MINIMUM STANDARDS  

3.1.Every Archaeological Impact Assessment Report must include:  

A. Title Page with: 

a. Title that identifies this report. It should give the name and geographical location of the site(s) and/ or project, including property or farm name, magisterial district, and province; 

b. Author(s) name(s) and details, company name and contact details; 

c. Developer / consultant’s name (who commissioned the report) and their postal address, telephone and fax numbers; 

d. Date (including day and month); 

B. Executive Summary including: 

a. The purpose of the study; 

b. A brief summary of the findings; 

c. The recommendations; and 

d. Any stakeholders or people responsible for decisions and actions. 

C. Table of Contents, for reports longer than 10 pages.  

D. Background Information on the Project with: 

a. whether the report is part of a scoping report/ EIA or HIA (s. 38(1)); 

b. type of development (e.g. low cost housing project, mining, resort); 

c. whether re-zoning and/or subdivision of land is involved; 

d. terms of Reference; and 

e. any other legislative requirements. 

E. Background to the relevant heritage components of the area with: 

a. a literature review and archival research for all relevant heritage components; 

b. reference to museum databases and collections; and 

c. previous relevant impact assessment reports for the area (not only those previously compiled by the AIA’s author). 

This background is required in part to anticipate or predict the kinds of heritage resources that might occur, and in part to gauge the regional significance of archaeological findings made during the current assessment. 

If there is reason to believe that palaeontological resources will be affected, a background scooping report should be forwarded to a Palaeontologist for comment. The report must include all the required locality data and the footprint size of the proposed development to allow the probability of an impact on palaeontological resources to be assessed and evaluated. 

F. Description of the Property or Affected Environment, its setting and heritage resources, with: 

A. Details of the area surveyed including: 

i. full location data for Province, Magisterial District/Local Authority and property (e.g. farm/erf) name and number, etc.; 

ii. location Map(s)/ orthophotos of the general area. These must include the map name and number (e.g. 3318DC Bellville). Maps must include at least a 1:50 000 and (if available) also a 1:10 000 (i.e. most detailed possible). 

a. Title that identifies this report. It should give the name and geographical location of the site(s) and/ or project, including property or farm name, magisterial district, and province; 

b. Author(s) name(s) and details, company name and contact details; 

c. Developer / consultant’s name (who commissioned the report) and their postal address, telephone and fax numbers; 

d. Date (including day and month); 

B. Executive Summary including: 

a. The purpose of the study; 

b. A brief summary of the findings; 

c. The recommendations; and 

d. Any stakeholders or people responsible for decisions and actions. 

C. Table of Contents, for reports longer than 10 pages.  

D. Background Information on the Project with: 

a. whether the report is part of a scoping report/ EIA or HIA (s. 38(1)); 

b. type of development (e.g. low cost housing project, mining, resort); 

c. whether re-zoning and/or subdivision of land is involved; 

d. terms of Reference; and 

e. any other legislative requirements. 

E. Background to the relevant heritage components of the area with: 

a. a literature review and archival research for all relevant heritage components; 

b. reference to museum databases and collections; and 

c. previous relevant impact assessment reports for the area (not only those previously compiled by the AIA’s author). 

This background is required in part to anticipate or predict the kinds of heritage resources that might occur, and in part to gauge the regional significance of archaeological findings made during the current assessment. 

If there is reason to believe that palaeontological resources will be affected, a background scooping report should be forwarded to a Palaeontologist for comment. The report must include all the required locality data and the footprint size of the proposed development to allow the probability of an impact on palaeontological resources to be assessed and evaluated. 

F. Description of the Property or Affected Environment, its setting and heritage resources, with: 

a. Details of the area surveyed including: 

i. full location data for Province, Magisterial District/Local Authority and property (e.g. farm/erf) name and number, etc.; 

ii. location Map(s)/ orthophotos of the general area. These must include the map name and number (e.g. 3318DC Bellville). Maps must include at least a 1:50 000 and (if available) also a 1:10 000 (i.e. most detailed possible). 

Large-scale satellite photographs can also be submitted in addition, but only if in colour. All maps should be preferably A4 in size. A Location Map (aerial or orthophotograph) must have 

iii. the location map must show the size and extent of both the area searched (or GPS “bread-crumb” trail of search), the area to be developed (footprint) and roads and trails accessible by people. If not all of the property was searched, the practitioner must explain why this was not the case and must comment on the probability of sites occurring, and on the relative impact of the development, on the un-searched parts of the property. the polygon of the property concerned marked on it (not just an arrow pointing to it) and full geographical co-ordinates for all relevant points must be given in the text and/or figure caption; and 

iv. It is expected that all likely foci of potential archaeological sites in the affected landscape will be investigated. 

b. Description of the methodology used including: 

i. how the area was searched (e.g. a three-person team for two days, on foot or not); 

ii. what the restrictions to the study were, for example: 

  • • visibility affected by high grass or bush or vegetation cover, mobile dunes, walls or concrete surfaces;
  • • physical or other impediments (e.g. vlei, swamps, steep kloofs) to the assessment of the area;

and what the likelihood is of sites being found during development based on an assessment of potential resources and previous work in the area; and 

iii. how the data was acquired, and details of research equipment (e.g., GPS, camera). 

G. Description of Sites identified and mapped with: 

a. Details of the location of all archaeological sites including: 

i. site map or aerial photograph of the specific area with the location of all sites marked on it (at least A4 size, referencing the map with name and number, e.g. 3318DC Bellville); 

ii. GPS readings with the model and datum used (WGS 84 and UTM (metric) are considered the most useful), as well as the accuracy. 

b. An adequate description of each archaeological site including: 

i. type of site (e.g. open scatter, shell midden, cave/shelter, colonial dump); 

ii. site category (e.g. Earlier Stone Age, Later Stone Age); 

iii. context (detail description of depositional history and depositional environment); 

iv. the cultural affinities, approximate age and significant features of the site; 

v. estimation or measurement of the extent (maximum dimensions) and orientation of the site(s) (e.g., caves and shelters); 

vi. a record of the depth and stratification of the site (where shovel test permits have been given, and where natural exposures are available), both in the text and through photographs of the sections; 

vii. records of possible sources of information about past environments, such as stalagtites/stalagmites, flowstone, dassie middens, peat or organic rich deposits and natural bone accumulations; and 

viii. photographs of artefacts with a centimetre scale and a caption. Include a ‘wide angle’ photo of the sites. Avoid high contrast situations, e.g. where shadows of the photographer or of section walls fall on the subject matter. 

c. Threats or sources of risk and their impact on the heritage resources (e.g. direct indirect as a result of earth moving, traffic of vehicles or humans, erosion). 

H. Description of the Artefacts, Faunal, Botanical or Other Finds and Features for each site. 

Record meaningful information such as: 

a. raw material; 

b. type of artefact; 

c. maximum dimensions of a sample of artefacts or other relevant materials; 

d. relative frequency of and significant attributes of stone tools observed on the surface; 

e. basic description of ceramics; 

f. description of other artefacts; 

g. description of archaeological features (e.g. hearths, bedding, walling); 

h. basic description of faunal or botanical taxa and estimated frequencies; 

i. adequate photographic and graphic representations of artefacts found, with scale in cm; and cross-reference photographs with a map and co-ordinates showing where the artefacts in the photographs were found (for example, if isolated handaxes are found in a field); and 

j. location of repositories of artefacts, photographs, rock art tracings and field records from other sites in the general area. 

I. Clear Description of Burial Grounds and Graves [a copy must be submitted to SAHRA, as HWC has not yet been given competency on section 36 of the National Heritage Resources Act (NHRA, No. 25, 1999)] including: 

a. clear written and photographic description of any graves; 

b. exact (if head stone present) or estimated age and affinities of the burials; and 

c. clear discussion for the client of the legal implications (include reference to both the Act and the regulations for s. 36 and particularly the public participation process. The latter might be better done by a social consultant). 

J. Field Rating (recommended grading) of the site: 

While grading is ultimately the responsibility of the heritage resources authorities it would be helpful if the report included field rating (proposal for grading) for the site(s), for example: 

a. National: This site is considered to be of Grade I significance and should be nominated as such. 

b. Provincial: This site is considered to be of Grade II significance and should be nominated as such. 

c. Local: this site is of Grade IIIA significance. Mitigation as part of the development process is not advised. The site should be retained as a heritage site (High significance). 

d. Local: this site is of Grade IIIB significance. It should be mitigated and (part) should be retained as a heritage site (High significance). 

e. Generally Protected A: this site should be mitigated before destruction (generally High/Medium significance). 

f. Generally Protected B: this site should be recorded before destruction (generally Medium significance). 

g. Generally Protected C: this site has been sufficiently recorded. It requires no further recording before destruction (generally Low significance). 

K. Statement of Significance giving the significant archaeological heritage value of each site in terms of the legislation (NHRA, section 3 (3) listed below)or in terms of any other relevant criteria, and give reasons. 

a. its importance in the community, or pattern of South Africa’s history; 

b. its possession of uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of South Africa’s natural or cultural heritage; 

c. its potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of South Africa’s natural or cultural heritage; 

d. its importance in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of South Africa’s natural or cultural places or objects; 

e. its importance in exhibiting particular aesthetic characteristics valued by a community or cultural group; 

f. its importance in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period; 

g. its strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons; 

h. its strong or special association with the life or work of a person, group or organisation of importance in the history of South Africa; and 

i. sites of significance relating to the history of slavery in South Africa. 

L. Recommendations including: 

a. An assessment of the potential impact of the development on these sites, relative to sustainable social and economic benefits; 

b. Proposals for mitigation or protection relating to: 

i. possible alternatives in the development that might allow the protection and conservation of the sites; or 

ii. the need for mitigation of adverse impacts; or 

iii. the need to conserve sites because of their high heritage value. 

c. Detailed recommendations with regard to burial grounds and graves. This report must inform the client about the full process and enable SAHRA and HWC to make decisions about permits. It must include: 

i. recommendations for protection of the grave(s) from the impact of the development including possibly mitigation (fencing) and recommendation of need for plans for maintenance (mini-management plan); or 

ii. recommendations for relocation of the grave(s) involving public participation an possibly further archival research, 

iii. or both. 

d. An indication of what must be done at each site: 

i. If the site is provisionally rated as of Local Significance (Grade III site, see above point K) and graded with Low Significance the recommendation may be that the site be mapped, documented, minimally sampled for radiocarbon dating if organic material is present, and then destroyed (with a permit). 

ii. If the site is provisionally rated as of Local Significance (Grade III site) and graded with Medium Significance the recommendation may be for a measure of mitigation and radiocarbon dating, after which part or the whole site could be destroyed. Mitigation usually involves a requirement to collect or excavate a sample of the cultural and other remains that will adequately allow characterization and dating of the site. The archaeologist will require a permit for the mitigation and should recommend that the developer acquire a permit / permission for destruction so that the recommended mitigation may be monitored. The archaeologist should monitor this and report to HWC to ensure that this is done. 

iii. If the site is provisionally rated as of Local Significance (Grade III site) and graded with High Significance the recommendation may be that it be formally graded and conserved (e.g. provision of boardwalks, fencing, signage, guides), or conserved and protected as a heritage site (either being listed on the Heritage Register or being declared as a Provincial or National Heritage Site). If sites are to be protected, a Conservation Management Plan will be required. 

e. Recommendations for monitoring of vegetation clearance or other development, as appropriate. 

f. Recommendations for sampling during Phase 2 mitigation based on the significance of the information it is likely to produce 

M. Conclusions. 

N. Bibliography detailing citations in the text of the report. Remember that all sources and publications referring to known archaeological sites in the vicinity should be adequately acknowledged (even the web). 

O. Appendices if any. 

3.2.Phase 1 Archaeological Reports: General Comments  

a. Take into account: 

i. that ephemeral sites may not be unimportant as they may represent the only trace on the landscape of a particular people or period and must be adequately sampled and described so as to supply important information about human presence in the area; 

ii. that bush clearing and construction work (e.g. temporary access roads and camps) may have a strong negative impact on sites; 

iii. that specialists are expected to assess the whole property where the development is targeted. If the whole property is not assessed, the specialist mustindicate why only part of the property is to be affected by short-term and long-term effects of the development; and 

iv. the relative significance of the sites identified in relation to current knowledge of sites in the general area. 

b. Indicate the location of any significant extra documentation or photographic material not included in the report itself. 

c. Provide information and recommendations to the client including the scope of the heritage legislation that applies; the need to apply for permits in good time before disturbing sites in any way; and the need for approval of HWC before the destruction of sites that have been recorded. 

d. Give HWC enough information to assess with confidence whether the recommendations should be approved or modified and whether to issue permission for destruction of sites. 

e. Indicate whether an assessment of the built environment, cultural landscape and/or palaeontological resources are also being commissioned by the developer, and if not, whether this should be done. 

f. Make it clear to the developer that the final decisions about what kind of mitigation or protection is required rest with HWC and that permission is required for destruction. 

g. If a development involves archaeological and/or palaeontological matters only, then the staff serving the APM Committee will issue a ROD. However, if built environment and landscape matters are also part of the proposed project and mitigation, staff serving the APM Committee will issue an initial official letter of comment. Subsequently, staff serving either of these Committees will issue a consolidated ROD where both APM and BELCOM inputs are included. 

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Peter Nilssen, April 30th 2010 | Tags: , , , , , ,
Posted in Minimum Standards

Andrew B. Smith

 

Archaeologist

 

After retirement from UCT, I have worked as an independent heritage consultant in South Africa doing archaeological assessment and mitigation for heritage requirements on the Cape West and South coasts.

I have wide archaeological field experience in USA, Ghana, Egypt, Mali, Niger, Sudan, Namibia and South Africa. Having worked on prehistoric sites and taught in the Archaeology Dept., UCT for the past 30 years, I have intimate knowledge of the background research history of all periods, although my own research has tended to be within the last 2000 years.

I am available for independent consultancy to do NID’s, Phase I and Phase II evaluation, assessment and mitigation of archaeological sites in the Western, Southern and Eastern Cape. This will include fieldwork and reporting that will conform to the requirements for Heritage Western Cape and the South African Heritage Resources Agency within the heritage and environmental legislation.

__________________________________________________________________

CURRICULUM  VITAE

 Andrew Brown Smith

 

PERSONAL INFORMATION

 Born:                            2 January 1941, Glasgow, Scotland, U.K.

 Address:                       Department of Archaeology

                                    University of Cape Town

                                    RONDEBOSCH  7700, South Africa

Telephone:                    University  +27 (021) 6502354/3

                       After hours +27 (021) 6861608

Fax:                              (021) 6502352

e-mail:                          andrew.smith@uct.ac.za

EDUCATION

1958                Scottish Leaving Certificate, Glasgow, Scotland

1968    B.A. Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley

1974    Ph.D. Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley

     (Dissertation on post-palaeolithic human adaptation in the Saharan and Sahel zones of West Africa.)

 

EMPLOYMENT HISTORY

 1963-65 Off-shore Navigation Inc. (Shoran Base Station Operator in Persian Gulf and North Africa)

1969-72 Teaching Assistant, Anthropology Department, University of California, Berkeley

1973-75 Lecturer, Archaeology Department, University of Ghana

1977-2006 Associate Professor, Archaeology Department, University of Cape Town

 

 

MEMBERSHIPS, PROFESSIONAL

West African Archaeological Association

Pan-African Association of Prehistory & Quaternary Studies

Royal Society of South Africa

South African Archaeological Society

Honorary Curator National Monuments Council

Fellow of the American Anthropological Association

Association of Southern African Professional Archaeologists

Association of Professional Heritage Practitioners

AWARDS, HONOURS AND GRANTS

 1966    Institute of International Studies Award, Univ.of Oregon

1969-73 University of California, Doctoral Fellowship

1970    Ford Foundation, Traineeship in Archaeology

1972   National Science Foundation Doctoral Research Award

1972-1975 Royal Geographical Society Research Award

1977-82           University of Cape Town, Research Committee Award

1978-81 Oppenheimer Inst. for African Studies Research Award

1978    H.S.R.C. ad hoc Research Award

1983    H.S.R.C. ad hoc Research Award

1984    H.S.R.C.ad hoc Research Award

1985    H.S.R.C. ad hoc Research Award

            Oppenheimer Inst. for African Studies Research Award

1986    H.S.R.C. ad hoc Research Award

1987    H.S.R.C. ad hoc Research Award

1988    H.S.R.C. ad hoc Research Award

1989    H.S.R.C. ad hoc Research Award

1990    H.S.R.C. ad hoc Research Award

1991    H.S.R.C. ad hoc Research Award

            Swan Fund Research Award

1992    H.S.R.C. ad hoc Research Award

            Swan Fund Research Award

1993    URC Award

            Swan Fund Research Award

1994    H.S.R.C. Award

            Swan Fund Research Award

1995    U.R.C. Award

            Swan Fund Research Award

1997    H.S.R.C. Award

2001   Oppenheimer Trust Award

2002    Benedict Distinguished Professor, Carleton College

2004   Oppenheimer Trust Award

2006    President of the South African Archaeological Society

2006    Professor Emeritus, UCT

PUBLICATIONS

 1) Books

1992    Pastoralism in Africa: Origins and Development Ecology. London:Hurst

1993    (with R.H. Pheiffer)  The Khoikhoi at the Cape of Good Hope: 17th Century Drawings in the South African Library. Cape Town: South African Library

1995    Einiqualand:  People of the Orange River Frontier.  Cape Town: UCT Press.

1996    (with C. Malherbe, E. Boonzaier & P. Berens) The Cape Herders. Cape Town: David Philip

2000                (with C. Malherbe, M. Guenther & P. Berens) The Bushmen of Southern Africa: A Foraging Society in Transition. Cape Town: David Philip.

2005  African Herders: Emergence of Pastoral Traditions. Walnut Creek: Altamira Press.

2006    Excavations at Kasteelberg, and the Origins of the Khoekhoen in the Western Cape, South Africa. Oxford: BAR S1537.

2008  (with J.D. Clark et al) Adrar Bous: Archaeology of a Central Saharan Granitic Ring Complex  in Niger. Studies in Human Sciences 170. Musée Royale de l’Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgium.

2) Chapters in Books

1978    Die ersten Haustiere in der Sahara In Kuper, R. (ed.) Sahara. 10,000 Jahre zwischen Weide und Wuste, Museen der Stadt, Koln, 220-221.

1980    The Neolithic Tradition in the Sahara  In Williams, M.A.J. and Faure, H. (eds.)  The Nile and the Sahara  Balkema, Netherlands, pp. 451-465.

1980    Domesticated Cattle in the Sahara and their introduction into West Africa  In Williams, M.A.J. and Faure, H. (eds.)  The Nile and the Sahara, Balkema, Netherlands, pp. 489-501.

1984    Origins of the Neolithic in the Sahara In Clark & Brandt, (eds.) From Hunters to Farmers : Considerations of the Causes and Consequences of Food Production in Africa.  Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, pp. 84-92.

1984    Adaptive Strategies of Prehistoric Pastoralism in the Southwestern Cape In Hall, M.J., Avery, G., Avery D.M.,Wilson M.L. & Humphreys A.J.B. (eds.)  Frontiers:  Southern African Archaeology Today.  Oxford: B.A.R. pp. 131-142.

1986    The Ethnoarchaeology of Pastoralism in the Saharan and Sahel Zones of West Africa  In Liverani, M., Palmieri, A. and Peroni, R. (eds.)  Studi di Paletnologia in Onore di Salvatore M Puglisi.  Rome, Istituto di Paletnologia, pp. 57-70.

1994    Metaphors of space: rock art and territoriality in southern Africa. in Dowson, T.A. & Lewis-Williams, J.D. (eds) Contested Images: Diversity in Southern African Rock Art Research. Wits Univ Press, pp. 373-384.

1994    Khoikhoi (Khoekhoe or Hottentots) in Saunders, C.C. (ed) An Illustrated Dictionary of South African History. Johannesburg: Ibis Books, pp. 151-154.

1994    (with M. Biesele & M. Jacobsohn) African Desert People in Seely, M. (ed) Deserts. Sydney: Weldon Owen, pp. 94-105.

1994    Dutch artists at the Cape in the 17th & 18th centuries, and the development of Khoikhoi iconography in Waher, H. (ed) Rondom Roy. Studies opgedra aan Roy H. Pheiffer. Dept. Afrikaans en Nederlands, UCT, pp.185-196.

1994    The archaeological evidence for indigenous domestic stock in the southwestern Cape in Judson, E. (ed) Conservation of Early Domesticated Animals of Southern Africa. Pretoria: NASCO, pp. 12-26.

1996    Pastoralists, African: Saharan Pastoralists & The Khoikhoi of Southern Africa in Fagan, B.M. (ed) The Oxford Companion to Archaeology,  OUP, pp.560-562.

1996    Khoi/San relationships: marginal differences or ethnicity in Skotnes, P. (ed) Miscast: Negotiating the Presence of the Bushmen. Cape Town: UCT Press, pp. 249-251.

1997    Pastoral Lifeways: Southern African pastoralists.  In Vogel, J.O. (ed)  Encyclopedia of Precolonial Africa.  London:AltaMira Press, pp. 210-213.

1999    Hunters and herders in the Karoo landscape. In Dean, W.R.J. & Dean, S. (eds) The Ecology of the Karoo. Cambridge Univ. Press, pp. 243-256.

1999           Archaeology and evolution of hunters and gatherers. In Lee, R.B. & Daly, R. (eds) The        Cambridge Encyclopedia of Hunter-Gatherers.  Cambridge Univ. Press, pp. 384-390.

2000    The origins of the domesticated animals of southern Africa.  In: Blench, R.M. & MacDonald, K.C. (eds) The Origins and Development of African Livestock: Archaeology, Genetics, Linguistics and Ethnography.  Univ. of London Press, pp. 222-238.

2000   (with Lita Webley) Women and men of the Khoekhoen of Southern Africa. In Hodgson, D. (ed) Rethinking Pastoralism: Gender, Culture and the Myth of the Patriarchal Pastoralist, London : David Currey. pp. 72-96.

2000   The origins of pastoralism in Namibia.  In: Bollig, M. & Gewald, J-B. (eds) People , Cattle and Land. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag, pp. 55-76.

2001    Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic. In: Peregrine, P.N & Ember, M. (eds) Encyclopedia of Prehistory, Volume 1: Africa. New York: Kluwer Academic, pp. 245-259.

2002  Les Khoekhoe. In: Joubert, H. & Valentin, M. (eds) Ubuntu: Arts et Cultures d’Afrique du Sud. Paris: Musée national des Arts d’Afrique et d’Océanie, pp. 44-49.

2002   The Pastoral landscape in Saharan prehistory.  In: Lenssen-Erz, T. et al (eds) Tides of the Desert: Festschrift for Rudolf Kuper. Köln: Heinrich-Barth Institut, pp. 447-457.

2004  Animal husbandry, nomadic breeding and domestication of animals. In Squires, V.R. (ed) The Role of Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries in Human Nutrition. Encyclopedia of  Life Support Systems, UNESCO. Oxford: Eolss Publishers 1-17.

2005   Desert solitude: the evolution of ideologies amongst pastoralists and hunter-gatherers in arid North Africa.  Veth, P., Smith, M. & Hiscock, P. (eds) Desert Peoples: Archaeological Perspectives. London : Blackwell, pp. 261-275.

2005   The archaeology of hunter-herder interaction in the drylands of southern Africa. In: Smith, M. & Hesse, P. (eds) 23°S:Archaeology and Environmental History of the Southern Deserts. Canberra: National Museum of Australia, pp. 250-266.

2005   Neolithic North Africa (pp. 1081-1082); Domestication, plant and animal, history of (pp. 362-363) in Africa.  In: Shillington, K. (ed) Encyclopedia of African History. London: Fitzroy Dearborn.

2006  Historical perspectives on the rock art of the Sahara and southern Africa. In: Le Quellec, J-L (ed) Hic sunt leones: Melanges sahariens en l’honneur d’Alfred Muzzolini. Cahiers de l’AARS 10:185-197.

2007  Africa, South: Farmers, Herders, and Forager Interaction. Encyclopedia of Archaeology. Oxford: Elsevier.

2008  Early herders in southern Africa: a synthesis. In :Badenhorst, S (ed) Animals and People: Archaeozoological Papers in Honour of Ina Plug.  Oxford: BAR International Series 1849: 94-103.

2008   Is absence of evidence, evidence of absence? Problems in the Archaeology of early herding societies of southern Africa.  The Archaeology of Mobility. UCLA Conference on Nomadism.

in prep Post-glacial transformations in Africa. Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology and Anthropology of Hunter-Gatherers.

3) Scientific Journal Papers

1973    (With J D Clark & M A J Williams):  The geomorphology and archaeology of Adrar

                        Bous, Central Sahara : a preliminary report. Quaternaria, 17:245-297.

1974    Preliminary report of Excavations at Karkarichinkat Nord and Sud, Tilemsi Valley, Mali, Spring, 1972.  West African J. of Archaeology 4:33-55.

1975    A note on the flora and fauna from the postpalaeolithic sites of Karkarichinkat Nord and Sud.  West African J. of Archaeology  5:201-204

1975    Radiocarbon dates from Bosumpra Cave, Abetifi, Ghana.  Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 41:179-182.

1978    (With M R Ripp & S B Lane)  An archaeological Reconnaissance of the Doorn/Tanqua Karoo.  South African Archaeological Bulletin 33(128):118-133.

1978    Terracottas from the Tilemsi Valley, Mali. Bull. I.F.A.N., ser. B, 40 (2):223-234.

1979    Biogeographical Considerations of Colonization of the Lower Tilemsi Valley in the 2nd Millenium B.C.  J. of Arid Environments 2:355-361.

1979    Analyse topologique de l’industrie lithique du site de Tintan  In Petit-Maire, N. (ed.)  Le Sahara Atlantique a l’Holocene : peuplement et ecologie.  Memoire du C.R.A.P.E.  28:269-70.

1981    An Archaeological Investigation of Holocene Deposits at Rooiels Cave, South-Western Cape.  S. African Archaeological Bull. 36:75-83.

1981    The French Period at the Cape, 1781-1783 : a report on excavations at Conway Redoubt, Constantia Nek.  Military History Journal 5(3):107-113.

1983    Prehistoric pastoralism in the Southwestern Cape, South Africa.  World Archaeology 15(1):79-89.

1983    The Hotnot Syndrome: myth-making in South African School textbooks.  Social Dynamics 9(2):37-49.

1984    Environmental limitations on prehistoric pastoralism in Africa  African Archaeological Review, 2:99-111.

1984    The Origins of Food Production in Northeaast Africa In Van Zinderen Bakker, E.M. & Coetzee, J.A. (eds.)  Palaeoecology of Africa 16:317-324.  Balkema, Netherlands.

1984    (With J. Kinahan):  The invisible whale.  World Archaeology  16(1):89-97.

1985    (With M. Patrick and A.J. de Koning):  Gas liquid chromatographic analysis of fatty acids in food residues from ceramics found int he Southwestern Cape, South Africa. Archaeometry 27(2):231-236.

1986    Competition, Conflict and Clientship : Khoi and San Relationships in the Western Cape  In Hall, M. and Smith, A.B. (eds.)  Prehistoric Pastoralism in Southern Africa. South African Archaeological Society, Goodwin Series 5:36-41.

1984-86 Development of Khoikhoi society in South Africa : Implications for pastoral archaeology. Origini 13:409-424.

1986    Excavations at Plettenberg Bay, South Africa of the campsite of the survivors of the wreck of the São Gonçalo, 1630.  Int. J. of Nautical Archaeology and Underwater Exploration 15:53-63.

1986    Comment on ‘Striated Grinding Grooves in Central Africa”  by R. Derricourt  S. African Archaeol. Bulletin  41:93-94.

1986    Review Article:  Cattle Domestication in North Africa. African Archaeological Review 4:197-203.

1988    (With C. Poggenpoel)  The technology of bone tool fabrication from the Southwestern Cape, South Africa.  World Archaeology 20(1):103-115.

1989    Khoikhoi susceptibility to virgin soil epidemics in the 18th Century.  South African Medical Journal 75:25-6.

1990    (with E.A. Boonzaier, M.T. Hoffman & F.M. Archer) Communal land use and the ‘tragedy of the commons’ some problems and development perspectives with specific reference to semi-arid regions of southern Africa. J. Grassland Soc. South. Afr.7:2:77-80.

1990    The origins and demise of the Khoikhoi: the debate. South African Historical J. 23: 3-14.

1990    Gordon on Sparrman. Quart. Bull. S.A. Library. 45:2:72-77.

1990    On becoming herders: Khoikhoi and San ethnicity in Southern Africa. African Studies 49:2:51-73

1991    (with K. Sadr) On ceramic variation in the South-western Cape, South Africa.  S. Afr. Archaeol. Bull. 46: 107-114

1991    (with K. Sadr, J. Gribble & R. Yates) Excavations in the South-western Cape South Africa, and the archaeological identity of prehistoric hunter-gatherers within the last 2000 years.  S. Afr. Archaeol. Bull. 46: 71-91

1992    Col Robert Gordon’s notes on the Khoikhoi, 1779-80.  Annals South African Cultural History Museum 5: 1: 1-56.

1992    (with S. Woodborne, E.C. Lamprechts & F.R. Riley) Marine Mammal Storage: Analysis of Buried Seal Meat at the Cape, South Africa. J. of Archaeological Science 19: 171-180

1992    Origins and spread of pastoralism in Africa.  Annual Review of Anthropology 21:125-141.

1993    Different facets of the crystal: early European images of the Khoikhoi at the Cape, South Africa. in Hall, M. & Markell, A (eds) Historical Archaeology in the Western Cape, Goodwin Series 7, South African Archaeological Society, pp. 8-20.

1993    Marine mammal exploitation by prehistoric Cape herders.  South African J. of Science 89:162-165.

1993    (with Royden Yates) A reevaluation of the chronology of Oudepost: a reply in part to Schrire. South African Archaeological Bulletin 48:52-3

1993    (with Royden Yates) Ideology and hunter/herder archaeology in the South Western Cape. Southern African Field Archaeology 2:2:96-104

1993    Origins and spread of pastoralism in Africa.  Nomadic Peoples 32:91-105

1994    (with R.H. Pheiffer) Letter from Robert Jacob Gordon to Hendrik Fagel, 1779. Brenthurst Archives 1(2)

1995    (with L. Jacobson) Excavations at Geduld and the appearance of early domestic stock in N. Namibia. S. African Archaeol. Bull. 50:3-14.

1995    Drawings of the Khoikhoi at the Cape of Good Hope: an update and response to Schrire. S. African Archaeol. Bull. 50:83-86.

1996       (with Royden Yates & Leon Jacobson) Geduld contra Kinahan.                                                                                                                                                               

South African Archaeological Bulletin 51:36-39.

1996      The Kalahari Bushmen Debate: implications for archaeology of Southern Africa. S. African Historical J. 35:1-15.

1997       (with R.B. Lee) Cho/ana: archaeological and ethnohistorical evidence for recent hunter-gatherer/pastoralist contact in Northern Bushmanland, Namibia. S. African Archaeological Bulletin 52:52-58

1997    (with C.A. Bollong & C.G. Sampson) Khoikhoi and Bushman pottery in the Cape Colony: Ethnohistory and Later Stone Age ceramics of the South African interior. J. of Anthropological Archaeology 16:269-299.

1997    Keeping hunters on the periphery: the ideology of social hierarchies between Khoikhoi and Soaqua. Kronos 24:9-17

1998    Khoesaan orthography. South African Archaeological Bulletin 53: 37-8.

1998    Keeping people on the periphery: the ideology of social hierarchies between hunters and herders. J. of Anthropological Archaeology 17:201-215.

1998    Early domestic stock in Southern Africa: A Commentary. African Archaeological Review 15 (2):151-156.

1999     The archaeology of the Ju/’hoansi Bushmen. Milan: Archeologia Africana 5:75-84

2000   Ideas on the Later Cultural History of the Central Sahara.  Sahara 12: 101-106.

2001   Public and hidden transcripts: a response to Cronk and Dickson. J. of Anthropological Archaeology 20:122-124.

2001    Ethnohistory and archaeology of the Ju/’hoansi Bushmen. African Study Monographs, Suppl. 26: 15-25.

2001    (with Dave Halkett, Tim Hart & Belinda Mütti) Spatial patterning, cultural identity and site integrity on open sites: evidence from Bloedrift 23, a pre-colonial herder camp in the Richtersveld, Northern Cape Province, South Africa.  South African Archaeological Bulletin 56:23-33.

2002    (with Marie Balasse, Stanley Ambrose & T.Douglas Price) The seasonality mobility model for prehistoric herders in the south-western Cape of South Africa assessed by isotopic analysis of sheep enamel. J. of Archaeological Science 29: 917-932.

2003     (with Marie Balasse, Stanley Ambrose & Steven Leigh) Determining birth seasonality by analysis of tooth enamel oxygen isotope ratios: the Late Stone Age site of Kasteelberg (South Africa). J. of Archaeological Science 30: 205-215.

2003  (with K. Sadr, I. Plug, J. Orton & B. Mutti) Herders and foragers on Kasteelberg. South African Archaeological Bulletin 58: 27-32.

2003   Préhistoire des pasteurs sahariens actuels. Bulletin de la Société préhistorique Ariège-Pyrénées 58: 251-268.

2004   A prehistory of modern Saharan pastoralists. Sahara 15:  43-58.

2005   The concepts of ‘Neolithic’ and ‘Neolithisation’ for Africa. Before Farming 1, article 2: 1-6.

2005   Origins and spread of African pastoralism. Blackwell History-Compass 4 (1): 1-7.

2006    Kasteelberg, a sealing camp of Cape herders in the Western Cape Province, South Africa. Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology 1 (1): 109-122.

2008         Pastoral origins at the Cape, South Africa: influences and arguments. Southern African Humanities 20: 49-60.

2009 (with B. Mutti) A simple measure of intensity of human occupation of shell density as seen on the Vredenburg Peninsula coast. South African Archaeological Bulletin 64: 172-175.

2009 Hegemony of the Neolithic: or what we have lost by becoming food producers. South African Archaeological Bulletin 64: 100-103.

2009 Guest Editorial: A Born Again CRM Practitioner. South African Archaeological Bulletin 64: 99

2009 Pastoralism in the Western Cape Province, South Africa: a retrospective review. Journal of African Archaeology 7 (2)

4) Conference Proceedings

1976    A microlithic industry from Adrar Bous, Tenere Desert, Niger.  Proceedings of the 7th Pan-african Congress of Prehistory Addis Ababa, pp. 181-196.

1980    Saharan and Sahel Zone Environmental Conditions – the Later Pleistocene and Early Holocene. Proceedings of the 8th Pan African Congress of Prehistory , Nairobi, pp. 139-142.

1988    The Near Eastern Connection.  Early to Mid-Holocene relations between N. Africa and Levant  In Krzyzaniak, L and M. Kobusiewicz (eds.)  Late Prehistory of the Nile Basin and the Sahara, Poznan:  Muzeum Archeologiczne, pp. 69-77.

1990    (with I. Thackeray) The Black Hole of South African School History Syllabi. in Olivier, A.I.(ed) National Subject Didactics Symposium, Univ.of Stellenbosch, pp.510-519.

1991    Adjusting to drought conditions in an event-driven system: an example from a Namaqualand reserve.  Proc. of Conference on Pastoral Economies in Africa and Long-Term Responses to Drought. Univ. of Aberdeen, pp. 109-115

1991    Early Khoi Drawings in the South African Library. In Bibliophilia Africana VI.  Proc. 6th South African Conference of Bibliophiles. Cape Town: South African Library, pp. 98-106

1993    New Approaches to Saharan Rock Art. in Calegari, G. (ed) L’Arte e l’Ambiente del Sahara Preistorico: Dati e Interpretazioni. Memorie della Società Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano, pp. 466-78.

1993    Terminal Palaeolithic industries of Sahara: a discussion of new data.  In Krzyzaniak, L. (ed) Environmental Change and Human Culture in the Nile Basin and Northern Africa until 2nd Millenium B.C. Poznan: Muzeum Archeologiczne, pp. 69-75.

1993    New approaches to Saharan rock art of the Bovidian Period. In Krzyzaniak, L. (ed) Environmental Change and Human Culture in the Nile Basin and Northern Africa until 2nd Millenium B.C. Poznan: Muzeum Archeologiczne, pp. 77-89.

1996         The ‘Neolithic': a barbaric concept for the Sahara? Colloquium XXX, The Prehistory of Africa, IUSPP Congress, Forli, Italy, Vol.15:219-223.

1996         The archaeological evidence for pre-Colonial hunter/herder ethnicity at the Cape, South Africa in Pwiti, G. & Soper, R. (eds) Aspects of African Archaeology. Harare: Univ. of Zimbabwe, pp. 469-476

1996       The Near Eastern connection II: cultural contacts with the Nile Delta and the Sahara in Krzyzaniak, L., Kroeper, K. & Kobusiewcz, M. (eds) Interregional Contacts in the Later Prehistory of Northeastern Africa. Poznan Archaeological Museum, pp. 29-35.

1998        Intensification and transformation processes towards food production in Africa. In di Lernia, S. & Manzi, G. (eds) Before Food Production in North Africa: Questions and Tools Dealing with Resource Exploitation and Population Dynamics at 12,000-7000 B.P. Proceedings of Workshop 14, XIII IUSPP, Forli, Italy , pp. 19-33.

1998        Hunters on the periphery: the ideology of social hierarchies between Khoikhoi and Soaqua.  In Bank, A. (ed) The Proceedings of the Khoisan Identities and Cultural Heritage Conference. Cape Town: Institute for Historical Research, University of the Western Cape, pp. 74-79.

2005 Creating a landscape for Saharan pastoral archaeology. In Barich, B.E., Tillet, T. & Striedter, K.H. (eds) Hunters vs. Pastoralists in the Sahara: Material Culture and Symbolic Aspects. Oxford: BAR International Series 1338: 47-50.

2006  Ideological inhibitors to hunters becoming food producers in Africa. Proceedings of the 18th Biennial Meeting of the Society of Africanist Archaeologists, Calgary, June 2006. http://cohesion.rice.edu/CenterAndInst/SAFA/emplibrary/Smith,A.SAFA2006.pdf

5) Contract Reports

2007         (with B.J. Mutti & M.Patrick) Archaeological Test Excavations: Erf 460 St. Helena Bay, Vredenburg Magisterial District, Western Cape.

                   (with B.J. Mutti & M.Patrick) Archaeological Test Excavations: Erven 55 and 462 St. Helena Bay, Vredenburg Magisterial District

2008          (with B.J. Mutti and T. Manyaapelo) Report on the Exhumation of Human Skeletal Remains from Portion 37 of Farm Uitkomst 23 – Saldanha Bay Municipality 2008

                   (with B.J. Mutti and M.Patrick) Report on Archaeological Test Excavations:Remainder of Farm 26 Paternoster 2008

                   (with B.J. Mutti) Scoping Survey of Erven 4067 and 4439 Simonstown

                   (with B.J. Mutti and M.Patrick)) Report on Archaeological Test Excavations: Portion 20 of Farm 108 Jacobsbaai

                   (with B.J. Mutti and M.Patrick) Baseline Archaeological Impact Assessment Report on Madwaleni Hospital Access Road: Transkei

                   (with B.J. Mutti) An Archaeological Assessment of Lagoon Garden Estate: Erven 1992 and 2646 – Great Brak River

                   (with B.J. Mutti & M.Patrick) Archaeological Test Excavations: Erven 35 and 40 St Helena Bay – Vredenburg Magisterial District

2009           (with B.J. Mutti and M.Patrick) Report on Additional Archaeological Test Excavations:Remainder of Farm 26 Paternoster

                  (with M.Patrick, B.J. Mutti, S.Winter, N.Baumann, H.Clift, T. Clarke and J. Almond)      Final Scoping Heritage Impact Assessment: Gamma-Omega 765 Kv Transmission Line

                   (with B.J. Mutti) Draft Report on Test Excavations at Fort Wynyard – Erven 1252,1253,1056 Cape Town

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Peter Nilssen, March 26th 2010 | Tags: , , , , , , ,
Posted in Andrew B. Smith

Richard G. Klein

 

Archaeologist – Anthropologist – Faunal Specialist – Human Evolution

Richard’s work is highly influentual in, among others, archaeological and palaeontological circles around the world.  His methodologies developed for the analysis of animal bones from archaeological sites are in use since the early 1980’s.

Richard in the field on the West coast of the Western Cape, South Africa. No matter what the occasion, this is Richard's style.

Richard writes; “My primary interest is in the co-evolution of anatomy and behavior in human evolution.  My research is mainly on ancient animal remains as indicators of early human ability to make a living.  I have analyzed more than 100 assemblages of animal fossils, primarily from southern African archaeological sites dating between 700,000 years ago and the historic present.  I am currently directing excavations at a site 70 km NNW of Cape Town that dates from the Last Interglacial interval, between roughly 115,000 and 70,000 years ago.  The animal remains show that the inhabitants exploited coastal resources much less efficiently than people who occupied the same coast during Present Interglacial (Holocene). The change in foraging efficiency probably occurred about 50,000 years ago and it helps explain the simultaneous expansion of anatomically modern humans from Africa to Eurasia, where they replaced the Neanderthals and other non-modern Eurasians.”

The below is Richard’s “medium vita”.  When I opened the below file, I could not help wondering what the “high vita” looks like.

____________________________________________________

 

Richard G. Klein, Curriculum Vitae, 1 January 2010

Address: Program in Human Biology, Building 20, Inner Quad, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-2160

Phone: Office 1 (650) 725-9819; Home 1 (650) 852-0775; Mobile 1 (650) 575-5643

Email: rklein@stanford.edu

Place of Birth: Chicago, Illinois

Marital Status: Married (Gail Ann Christensen Klein)

Degrees:  A. B., University of Michigan, 1962.

M. A., University of Chicago, 1964.

Ph.D., University of Chicago, 1966.

Positions Held:

Sept. 1966 – June 1967                Assistant Professor of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee

Sept. 1967 – Aug. 1969                 Assistant Professor of Anthropology, Northwestern University

Sept. 1969 – Aug. 1973                 Associate Professor of Anthropology, University of Washington

Sept. 1973 – Aug. 1977                 Associate Professor of Anthropology, University of Chicago

Sept. 1977 – June 1993                Professor of Anthropology, University of Chicago

July 1993 – Sept. 2007                  Professor of Anthropology, Stanford University

Dec. 2002 – present                       Anne T. and Robert M. Bass Professor in the School of Humanities and Sciences, Stanford University

Sept. 2007 – present                      Professor of Biology and Anthropology, Stanford University

Research Interests: Interrelation of cultural, biological, and environmental change in human evolution; Reconstruction of environment, ecology, and human behavior from animal remains in archeological sites.

Geographic Research Area: southern Africa.

Books (Authored):

2009      The Human Career: Human Biological and Cultural Origins.  Chicago, University of Chicago Press.  Third Edition.

2002      The Dawn of Human Culture.  New York: John Wiley & Sons (with Blake Edgar).

1999      The Human Career: Human Biological and Cultural Origins.  Chicago, University of Chicago Press.  Second Edition.

1989      The Human Career: Human Biological and Cultural Origins.  Chicago, University of Chicago Press.

1984      The Analysis of Animal Bones from Archeological Sites .  Chicago, University of Chicago Press.  (with K. Cruz-Uribe).

1973      Ice-Age Hunters of the Ukraine.  Chicago, University of Chicago Press.

1969      Man and Culture in the Late Pleistocene: A Case Study.  San Francisco, Chandler.

Books (Edited):

1999      Archaeozoology in Africa (with Ina Plug).  Grenoble, La Pensée Sauvage.

1984      Quaternary Extinctions: A Prehistoric Revolution. (with P. S. Martin).  Tucson, University of Arizona Press.

1984      Southern African Prehistory and Paleoenvironments.  Rotterdam, A. A. Balkema.

Articles:

in press Large mammals and tortoises.  In (Parkington, J. E., ed.) Elands Bay Cave: A View of the Past, Chapter 7.  Tübingen Series in Palaeolithic Studies: in press. (with K. Cruz-Uribe).

2010      Eland, buffalo, and wild pigs: are they equally abundant in Middle and Later Stone Age sites?  Journal of Human Evolution: in press (with T. D. Weaver and T. E. Steele).

2010      Morphometric identification of bovid metapodials to genus and implications for taxon-free habitat reconstruction. Journal of Archaeological Science 37: 389-401 (with R. G. Franciscus and T. E. Steele).

2009      Darwin and the recent African origin of modern humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106 (38): 16007–16009.

2009      Mogapelwa:  Archaeology, paleoenvironment and oral traditions at Lake Ngami, Botswana.  South African Archaeological Bulletin 64 (189): 13–32. (with L.H. Robbins,  A. C. Campbell,   M. L. Murphy, G. A. Brook,  A. A. Mabuse,  R. K. Hitchcock,  G. Babutsi,  M. Mmolawa,  K.M. Stewart,  Teresa E. Steele, and C. C. Appleton).

2009      Late Pleistocene subsistence strategies and resource intensification in Africa.  In (Hublin, J.-J. and Richards, M. P., eds).  The Evolution of Hominid Diets: Integrating Approaches to the Study of Palaeolithic Subsistence: 111-124.  New York: Springer Publishing (with T. E. Steele).

2009      Hominin dispersals in the Old World.  In (Scarre, C. Ed.) The Human Past: World Prehistory & the Development of Human Societies, Second Edition, 84-123.  London: Thames & Hudson.

2008      Out of Africa and the evolution of human behavior.  Evolutionary Anthropology 17 (6): 267-281.

2008      The Ysterfontein 1 Middle Stone Age Rockshelter and the evolution of coastal foraging.  South African Archaeological Society Goodwin Series 10: 66-89 (with G. Avery, D. Halkett, M. Tusenius, J. Orton, and T. E. Steele).

2008      Intertidal shellfish Use during the Middle and Later Stone Age of South Africa.  Archaeofauna 17: 63-76 (with T. E. Steele).

2007      The mammalian fauna associated with a fossil hominin skull and later Acheulean artifacts at Elandsfontein, Western Cape Province, South Africa.  Journal of Human Evolution 52: 164-186. (with Graham Avery, Kathryn Cruz-Uribe, and Teresa Steele).

2005/06 Mollusk and tortoise size as proxies for stone age population density in South Africa: implications for the evolution of human cultural capacity.  Munibe 57: 221-237 (with T. E. Steele).

2005      The evolution of human walking.  In (Rose, J. and Gamble, J. G., Eds.) Human Walking: 23-32.  Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams  & Wilkins (with T. D. Weaver).

2005      Hominin dispersals in the Old World.  In (Scarre, C. Ed.) The Human Past: World Prehistory & the Development of Human Societies: 84-123.  London: Thames & Hudson.

2004      Tortoises as food and taphonomic elements in palaeo “landscapes”.  In (Brugal, J.-Ph. And Desse, J. Eds.) Petits Animaux et Sociétés Humains: Du complement alimentaire aux resources utilitaires: 147-161.  Antibes: Editions APOCA (with G. Avery, A. W. Kandel, N.J. Conard, and K. Cruz-Uribe).

2004      The Ysterfontein 1 Middle Stone Age site, South Africa, and early human exploitation of coastal  resources.  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101: 5708-5715.  (with G, Avery,  D. Halkett,  J. E. Parkington, T. E. Steele, T. P. Volman and R. Yates).

2003      First Excavation of Intact Middle Stone Age Layers at Ysterfontein, Western Cape Province, South Africa: Implications for Middle Stone Age Ecology. Journal of Archaeological Science 30: 955-971 (with G. Avery, K. Cruz-Uribe, D. Halkett, T. Hart, J. Orton, J. E. Parkington, T. P. Volman, and R. Yates).

2003      Excavation of buried Late Acheulean (Mid-Quaternary) land Surfaces at Duinefontein 2, Western Cape Province, South Africa.  Journal of Archaeological Science 30: 559-575  (with G. Avery, M. Avery, K. Cruz-Uribe, D. Halkett, T. Hart, R. G. Milo, and T. P. Volman).

2003      Whither the Neanderthals?  Science 299: 1525-1527.

2002      Foreword to The Acheulian Site of Gesher Benot Ya’akov, Israel: The Wood Assemblage by Naama Goren-Inbar, Ella Werker, and Craig S. Feibel, pp. vii-viii.  Oxford: Oxbow Books.

2002      The origin of modern humans.  In (Pagel, Mark, Ed.) Encyclopedia of Evolution, pp. 738-740.  New York: Oxford University Press.

2002      Foreword to Desolate Landscapes: Ice-Age Settlements in Eastern Europe by John F. Hoffecker, pp. xv-xvi.  New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.

2001      Fully modern humans.  In (Price, T. D., and Feinman, G., eds.)  Archaeology at the Millennium, pp. 109-135.  New York: Plenum Press.

2001      Blombos Cave, Southern Cape, South Africa: Preliminary Report on the 1992 – 1999 Excavations of the Middle Stone Age Levels.  Journal of Archaeological Science 28: 421-448 (with C. S. Henshilwood, J. C. Sealy, R. Yates, K. Cruz-Uribe, P. Goldberg, F. E. Grine, C. Poggenpoel, K. van Niekerk,  and I. Watts).

2001      Southern Africa and modern human origins.  Journal of Anthropological Research 57: 1-16.

2000      The Earlier Stone Age of Southern Africa.  South African Archaeological Bulletin 27: 107-122.

2000      Macromammals and reptiles.  In (Barham, L., ed.) The Middle Stone Age of Zambia, South Central Africa, 51-56.  Bristol: Western Academic & Specialist Press (with Kathryn Cruz-Uribe).

2000      Archaeology, paleoenvironment, and chronology of the Tsodilo Hills White Paintings Rock Shelter, northwest Kalahari Desert, Botswana.  Journal of Archaeological Science 27: 1085-1113. (with L. H. Robbins, M. L. Murphy, G. A. Brook, A. H. Ivester, R. G. Milo, K. M. Stewart, W. S. Downey, and N. J. Stevens).

2000      L’art et-il né d’une mutation génétique?  La Recherche Hor-Série 4 (Novembre 2000): 18-21.  (Reprinted 2005 in Homo sapiens: l’Odyssée de l’Espèce, pp. 219-226.  Paris, Tallandier; 2006 in La Naissance de l’Art.  Paris, Tallandier).

2000      Human evolution and large mammal extinctions.  In (Vrba, E. S. and Schaller, G. S. eds.) Antelopes, Deer, and Relatives, Present and Future: Fossil Record, Behavioral Ecology, Systematics, and Conservation, pp. 128-139. New Haven: Yale University Press.

2000      Archeology and the evolution of human behavior.  Evolutionary Anthropology 9(1):  17-36.

2000      Middle and Later Stone Age large mammal and tortoise remains from Die Kelders Cave 1, Western Cape Province, South Africa Journal of Human Evolution 38: 169-195. (with K. Cruz-Uribe).

2000      Middle Stone Age stratigraphy and excavations at Die Kelders Cave 1 (Western Cape province, South Africa): the 1992, 1993, and 1995 field seasons. Journal of Human Evolution 38: 7-42 (with C. W. Marean, P. Goldberg, G. Avery, and F. E. Grine)

1999      Fur seal bones reveal variability in prehistoric human seasonal movements on the southwest African coast.  ArchaeoZoologia 10: 181-188 (with K. Cruz-Uribe and J. D. Skinner).

1999      Paleoenvironmental and human behavioral implications of the Boegoeberg 1 late Pleistocene hyena den, Northern Cape Province, South Africa.  Quaternary Research 52: 393-403 (with K. Cruz-Uribe, T. Hart, D. Halkett, and J. E. Parkington).

1999      Skeletal part representation in archaeofaunas: Comments on “Explaining the ‘Klasies Pattern’: Kua Ethnoarchaeology, the Die Kelders Middle Stone Age archaeofauna, long bone fragmentation and carnivore ravaging” by Bartram and Marean.  Journal of Archaeological Science 26: 1225-1234. (with K. Cruz-Uribe and R. G. Milo)

1999      Duinefontein 2: an Acheulean site in the Western Cape Province of South Africa.  Journal of Human Evolution 36: 153-190. (with G. Avery, K. Cruz-Uribe, D. Halkett, T. Hart, R. G. Milo, and T. P. Volman).

1999      Craniometry of the genus Equus and the Taxonomic Affinities of the Extinct South African Quagga.  South African Journal of Science 95(2): 81-86 (with K. Cruz-Uribe).

1998      Why anatomically modern humans did not disperse from Africa 100,000 years ago.  In (Bar-Yosef, O., Akazawa, A., and Aoki, K., eds.)  Neanderthals and Modern Humans in West Asia, pp. 509-521.  New York: Plenum Press.

1998      Additional human fossils from Klasies River Mouth, South Africa.  Journal of Human Evolution 35 (1): 95-107. (with F. E. Grine, O. M. Pearson, and G. P. Rightmire).

1998      Hyrax and hare bones from modern South African eagle roosts and the detection of eagle involvement in fossil assemblages. Journal of Archaeological Science 25: 135-147 (with K. Cruz-Uribe).

1997      The 1992-93 Excavations at the Die Kelders Middle and Late Stone Age Cave Site, South Africa. Journal of Field Archaeology 24(3): 263-291.  (with G. Avery, K.Cruz-Uribe, P. Goldberg, F. E. Grine, C. W. Marean, H. P. Schwarcz, A. I. Thackeray, and M. L. Wilson.)

1996      Exploitation of large bovids and seals at Middle and Later Stone Age sites in South Africa. Journal of Human Evolution 31: 315-334. (with K. Cruz-Uribe).

1996      Size variation in the rock hyrax (Procavia capensis) and late Quaternary climatic change in South Africa.  Quaternary Research 46: 193-207. (with K. Cruz-Uribe).

1996      Neanderthals and modern humans in West Asia: a conference summary.  Evolutionary Anthropology 4 (6): 187-193.

1996      Observations on the Acheulean occupation site of Ambrona (Soria Province, Spain) with particular reference to recent investigations (1980-1983) and the lower occupation.  Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz 38, 33-82. (with F. C. Howell, K. W. Butzer, and L. G. Freeman.)

1996      Prehistoric human adaptation to Last and Present Interglacial conditions on the southern coast of Africa.  Abstracts of the Fourteenth Biennial Meeting of the American Quaternary Association: 16-18.

1996      The identification of Equus skulls to species, with particular reference to the craniometric and systematic affinities of the extinct South African quagga.  In (K. Stewart and K. Seymour, Eds.) Palaeoecology and Palaeoenvironments of Late Cenozoic Mammals: Tributes to the Career of C. S. (Rufus) Churcher, pp. 598-629.  Toronto, University of Toronto Press. (with K. Cruz-Uribe).

1996      Paleoenvironment and archaeology of Drotsky’s Cave: Western Kalahari Desert, Botswana.  Journal of Archaeological Science 22, 7-22. (with L. H. Robbins, M. L. Murphy, N. J. Stevens, G. A. Brook, A. H. Ivester, K. A. Haberyan, R. G. Milo, K. M. Stewart, D. G. Matthiesen, and A. J. Winkler.)

1995      Anatomy, behavior, and modern human origins. Journal of World Prehistory 9: 167-198.

1995      The Tor Hamar Fauna.  In (D. O. Henry Ed.) Prehistoric Cultural Ecology and Evolution: Insights from Southern Jordan.  New York: Plenum Press, pp. 405-416.

1995      Anthropology (Update).  Science Year, 200-202.  Chicago, World Book Corporation.

1995      Dating and context of three Middle Stone Age sites with bone points in the Upper Semliki Valley, Zaire.  Science 268, 548-553.  (with A. S. Brooks. D. M. Helgren,  J. S. Cramer, A. Franklin, W. Hornyak, J. Keating, W. J. Rink, H. Schwarcz,  J. N. Leith Smith, K. Stewart,  N. E. Todd, J. Verniers, and J. E. Yellen).

1994      The long-horned African buffalo (Pelorovis antiquus) is an extinct species.  Journal of Archaeological Science 21, 725-733.

1994      Anthropology (Update).  Science Year, pp. 208-211.  Chicago, World Book Corporation.

1994      The Paleolithic mammalian fauna from the 1910-14 excavations at El Castillo Cave (Cantabria).  Festschrift for Joaquín González Echegaray.  Centro de Investigacion y Museo de Altamira, Monografiyas 17, 141-158. (with K. Cruz-Uribe).

1994      Southern Africa before the Iron Age.  In (R. S. Corruccini & R. L. Ciochon, Eds.) Integrative Paths to the Past: Paleoanthropological Advances in Honor of F. Clark Howell, pp. 471-519.  Englewood Cliffs (N. J.): Prentice-Hall.

1994      Chew marks and cut marks on animal bones from the Kasteelberg B and Dune Field Midden Later Stone Age sites, western Cape Province, South Africa.  Journal of Archaeological Science 21, 35-49.  (with K. Cruz-Uribe).

1994      An introduction to the problem of modern human origins.  In (M. H. Nitecki and V. Nitecki, Eds.) Origins of Anatomically Modern Human, pp. 3-17.  New York, Plenum Press.

1993      The ecological and archeological significance of rock hyrax bones from modern eagle roosts in South Africa.  In (A. T. Clason, S. Payne, and  H.-P. Uerpmann, Eds.), pp. 117-134.   Skeletons in her Cupboard.  Festchrift for Juliet Clutton-Brock.  Oxbow Monograph 34.  Oxford: Oxbow Books.  (with K. Cruz-Uribe).

1993      Anthropology (Update).  Science Year, pp. 205-208.  Chicago, World Book Corporation.

1993      Hunter-gatherers and farmers in Africa.  In (Burenhult, G., Ed.)  People of the Stone Age: Hunter Gatherers and Early Farmers, 39-55.  San Francisco, HarperCollins.

1993      Late Pleistocene Human Remains from the Sea Harvest Site, Saldanha Bay, South Africa.  The South African Journal of Science 89: 145-152 (with F. E. Grine).

1992      The impact of early people on their environment: the case of large mammal extinctions.  In (J. E. Jacobsen & J. Firor, Eds.) Human Impact on the  Environment: Ancient Roots, Current Challenges, pp. 13-34.   Boulder (Colorado), Westview Press.

1992      The archeology of modern human origins.  Evolutionary Anthropology 1: 5-14.

1992      Anthropology (Update).  Science Year, pp. 231-233.  Chicago, World Book Corporation.

1991      Dating, archaeology and human fossils from the Middle Stone Age Layers of Die Kelders Cave 1, South Africa.  The Journal of Human Evolution 21: 363-395 (with F. E. Grine & T. P. Volman.)

1991      The bovids from Elandsfontein, South Africa, and their implications for the age, paleoenvironment, and origins of the site.  The African Archaeological Review 9: 21-79. (with K. Cruz-Uribe.)

1991      Size variation in the Cape Dune Molerat (Bathyergus suillus) and Late Quaternary climatic change in the Southwestern Cape Province, South Africa.  Quaternary Research. 36: 243-256.

1991      Environmental, ecological, and paleoanthropological implications of the Late Pleistocene mammalian fauna from Equus Cave, northern Cape Province, South Africa.  Quaternary Research 36: 94-119 (with K. Cruz-Uribe & P. B. Beaumont.)

1989      Faunal Evidence for Prehistoric Herder-Forager Activities at Kasteelberg, Vredenburg Peninsula, western Cape Province, South Africa.  South African Archaeological Bulletin 44: 82-97 (with K. Cruz-Uribe.)

1989      Biological and behavioural perspectives on modern human origins in southern Africa.  In (P. Mellars & C. Stringer, Eds.) The Human Revolution: Behavioural and Biological Perspectives on the Origins of Modern Humans: 529-546.  Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press.

1989      Why does skeletal part representation differ between smaller and larger bovids at Klasies River Mouth and other archeological sites?  Journal of Archaeological Science 16: 363-381.

1989      Glacial/interglacial size variation in fossil spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) from Britain.  Quaternary Research 32: 88-95 (with K. Scott).

1988      The causes of “robust” australopithecine extinction.  In (F. E. Grine, Ed.) The Evolutionary History of the Robust Australopithecines: 499-505.  New York, Aldine de Gruyter.

1988      The archaeological significance of animal bones from Acheulean sites in southern Africa.  The African Archaeological Review 6: 3-26.

1988      Dimensions of research at El Juyo (an earlier Magdalenian site in Cantabrian Spain).  In (H. Dibble, & A. Montet-White, Eds.) Upper Pleistocene Prehistory of Western Eurasia: 3-39.  Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Museum (with L. G. Freeman, J. González Echegaray & W. T. Crowe.)

1987      Excavaciones en la Cueva del Juyo.  Centro de Investigacion y Museo de Altamira, Monografiyas 14: 1-224 (with I. Barandiarán, L. G. Freeman & J. González Echegaray).

1987      Problems and prospects in understanding how early people exploited animals.  In (M. H. Nitecki & D. V. Nitecki, Eds.)  Evolution of Human Hunting: 11-45.  New York, Plenum Press.

1987      The extinct blue antelope.  Sagittarius 2(3): 20-23.

1987      Paleolithic.  McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology (Sixth Edition) Vol. 13: 47-51.  New York, McGraw-Hill.

1987      Large mammal and tortoise bones from Elands Bay Cave and nearby sites, Western Cape Province, South Africa.  Papers in the Prehistory of the Western Cape, South Africa (J. E. Parkington & M. Hall, Eds.)  British Archaeological Reports International Series 332: 132-163 (with K. Cruz-Uribe).

1986      Carnivore size and Quaternary climatic change in southern Africa.  Quaternary Research 25: 153-170.

1986      Re-analysis of faunal assemblages from the Haua Fteah and other Late Quaternary sites in Cyrenaican Libya.  Journal of Archaeological Science 13: 515-542 (with K. Scott.)

1986      The brown hyaenas of the Cape Flats.  Sagittarius 1(4): 8-13.

1986      The prehistory of stone age herders in the Cape Province of South Africa.  South African Archaeological Society Goodwin Series 5: 5-12.

1986      Pascal programs for computing taxonomic abundance in samples of fossil mammals.  Journal of Archaeological Science 13: 171-187 (with K. Cruz-Uribe).

1985      Pleistocene and Holocene human remains from Equus Cave, South Africa.  Anthropology 8: 55-98 (with F. E. Grine).

1985      Ancestors: Breaking Away (“Even in its infancy, modern humanity displayed a talent for innovation.”)  Natural History 94(1): 4-7.

1984      The prehistory of stone age herders in South Africa.  In (J. D. Clark & S. Brandt, Eds.) From Hunters to Farmers: The Causes and Consequences of Food Production in Africa: 281-289.  Berkeley, University of California Press.

1984      Later Stone Age faunal samples from Heuningsneskrans Shelter (Transvaal) and Leopard’s Hill Cave (Zambia).  South African Archaeological Bulletin 39: 109-116.

1984      The remains of larger mammals from Fairview Shelter.  Annals of the Cape Provincial Museums (Human Sciences) 1(3): 82-86.

1984      The large mammals of southern Africa: late Pliocene to Recent.  In (R. G. Klein, Ed.) Southern African Prehistory and Paleoenvironments: 107-146.  Rotterdam, A. A. Balkema.

1984      Mammalian extinctions and stone age people in Africa.  In (P. S. Martin & R. G. Klein, Eds.) Quaternary Extinctions: A Prehistoric Revolution: 553-573.  Tucson, University of Arizona Press.

1983      Stone age population numbers and average tortoise size at Byneskranskop Cave 1 and Die Kelders Cave 1, Southern Cape Province, South Africa.  South African Archaeological Bulletin 38: 26-30 (with K. Cruz-Uribe)

1983      Palaeoenvironmental implications of Quaternary large mammals in the Fynbos Biome.  South African National Scientific Programmes Reports 75: 116-138.

1983      The Stone Age prehistory of Southern Africa.  Annual Review of Anthropology 12: 25-48.

1983      Faunal remains from some Middle and Later Stone Age archaeological sites in South West Africa.  Journal of the South West African Scientific Society 36/37: 91-114 (with K. Cruz-Uribe).

1983      A stone age sanctuary.  Natural History 92(8): 46-53 (with L. G. Freeman & J. González Echegaray.)

1983      The computation of ungulate age (mortality) profiles from dental crown heights.  Paleobiology 9: 70-78 (with K. Cruz-Uribe.)

1983      Neanderthals and Cro-Magnon Man: What do we really know about them?  American Scholar 52(3): 386-392.

1983      The calculation and interpretation of ungulate age profiles from dental crown heights.  In (G. Bailey, Ed.) Hunter-Gatherer Economy in Prehistory: A European Perspective: 47-57.  Cambridge, Cambridge University Press (with K. Allwarden & C. Wolf).

1982      Age (mortality) profiles as a means of distinguishing hunted species from scavenged ones in stone age archeological sites.  Paleobiology 8: 151-158.

1982      Patterns of ungulate mortality and ungulate mortality profiles from Langebaanweg (early Pliocene) and Elandsfontein (middle Pleistocene), southwestern Cape Province, South Africa.  Annals of the South African Museum 90: 49-94.

1981      Later Stone Age subsistence at Byeneskranskop Cave, South Africa.  In (R. S. O. Harding & G. Teleki, Eds.) Omnivorous Primates: Gathering and Hunting in Human Evolution: 166-190.  New York, Columbia University Press.

1981      Ungulate mortality and sedimentary facies in the late Tertiary Varswater Formation, Langebaanweg, South-Western Cape Province, South Africa.  Annals of the South African Museum 81: 233-254.

1981      A hyaena-accumulated bone assemblage from late Holocene deposits at Deelpan, Orange Free State.  Annals of the South African Museum 86: 217-227 (with L. Scott.)

1981      Stone Age predation on small African bovids.  South African Archaeological Bulletin 36: 55-65.

1981      The use of dental crown heights for constructing age profiles of red deer and similar species in archaeological samples.  Journal of Archaeological Science 8: 1-31 (with C. Wolf, L. G.  Freeman & K. Allwarden).

1980      Late Pleistocene hunters.  In (A. Sheratt, Ed.) The Cambridge Encyclopaedia of Archaeology: 87-95.  Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

1980      Larger Mammals (from Driel Shelter, Natal).  Annals of the Natal Museum 24: 62-67.

1980      Environmental and ecological implications of large mammals from Upper Pleistocene and Holocene sites in southern Africa.  Annals of the South African Museum 81: 223-283.

1979      Stone age exploitation of animals in southern Africa.  American Scientist 67: 151-160.

1979      Paleoenvironmental and cultural implications of late Holocene archeological faunas from the Orange Free State and north-central Cape Province, South Africa.  South African Archaeological Bulletin 34: 34-49.

1979      Mammals (from Diana’s Vow, Zimbabwe).  Occasional Papers of the National Museums and Monuments of Zimbabwe-Rhodesia 4(4): 147-148.

1978      Preliminary results of the analysis of the mammalian fauna from the Redcliff Stone Age cave site, Rhodesia.  Occasional Papers of the National Museums and Monuments of Rhodesia 4(2): 74-80.

1978      The fauna and overall interpretation of the “Cutting 10″ Acheulean site at Elandsfontein (Hopefield), south-western Cape Province, South Africa.  Quaternary Research 10: 69-83.

1978      Stone Age predation on large African bovids.  Journal of Archaeological Science 5: 195-217.

1978      A preliminary report on the mammalian fauna from the Boomplaas Stone Age Cave site, Oudtshoorn District, South Africa.  South African Archaeological Bulletin 33: 66-75.

1978      The vertebrate fauna from the Buffelskloof Rock Shelter.  South African Archaeological Bulletin 33: 35-38.

1977      The ecology of early man in southern Africa.  Science 197: 115-126.

1977      The mammalian fauna from the Middle and Later Stone Age (later Pleistocene) levels of Border Cave, Natal Province, South Africa.  South African Archaeological Bulletin 32: 14-27.

1976      The mammalian fauna of the Klasies River Mouth sites, southern Cape Province, South Africa.  South African Archaeological Bulletin 31: 75-98.

1976      The interpretation of mammalian faunas from stone age archaeological sites, with special reference to sites in the southern Cape Province, South Africa.  Paper presented at Burg Wartenstein Symposium No. 69 [published 1980 in (A. K. Behrensmeyer & A. Hill, Eds.) Fossils in the Making: 223-246. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.)

1976      Cultural adaptations to Pleistocene “steppe tundras” in the Old World.  Abstracts of the Fourth Biennial Meeting of the American Quaternary Association: 90-91.

1976      The fossil history of Raphicerus H. Smith, 1827 (Bovidae, Mammalia) in the Cape Biotic Zone.  Annals of the South African Museum 71: 169-191.

1976      A preliminary report on the Duinefontein 2 “Middle Stone Age” open-air site (Melkbosstrand, South-Western Cape Province, South Africa).  South African Archaeological Bulletin 31: 12-20.

1975      Paleoanthropological implications of the non-archeological bone assemblage from Swartklip 1, south-western Cape Province, South Africa.  Quaternary Research 5: 275-288.

1975      Ecology of stone age man at the southern tip of Africa. Archaeology 28: 238-247.  [Reprinted 1978 in (P. Whitten & D. E. Hunter, Eds.) Readings in Physical Anthropology and Archaeology: 137-146.  New York, Harper & Row].

1975      Middle Stone Age man-animal relationships in southern Africa: evidence from Klasies River Mouth and Die Kelders.  Science 190: 265-267.

1975      The relevance of Old World archeology for the first entry of man into the New World.  Quaternary Research 5: 391-394.

1974      Ice-age Hunters of the Ukraine.  Scientific American 230(6): 96-105.  [Reprinted in (B. M. Fagan, Ed.) Avenues to Antiquity: 66-75.  San Francisco, W. H. Freeman & Co.]

1974      The fauna of Scott’s Cave, Gamtoos Valley, southeastern Cape.  South African Journal of Science 70: 186-187 (with K. Scott).

1974      Environment and subsistence of prehistoric man in the southern Cape Province, South Africa.  World Archaeology 5: 249-284.

1974      On the taxonomic status, distribution, and ecology of the blue antelope, Hippotragus leucophaeus (Pallas, 1776).  Annals of the South African Museum 65: 99-143.

1974      A provisional statement on terminal Pleistocene mammalian extinctions in the Cape Biotic Zone (southern Cape Province, South Africa).  South African Archaeological Society Goodwin Series 2: 39-45.

1973      Geological antiquity of Rhodesian Man.  Nature 244: 311-312.

1972      A preliminary report on the June through September 1970 excavations at Nelson Bay Cave (Cape Province, South Africa).  Palaeoecology of Africa 6: 177-208.

1972      The late Quaternary mammalian fauna of Nelson Bay Cave (Cape Province, South Africa): its implications for megafaunal extinctions and for cultural and environmental change.  Quaternary Research 2: 135-142.

1971      The Pleistocene prehistory of Siberia.  Quaternary Research 1: 133-161.

1971      U.S.S.R.  In (K. P. Oakley, B. G. Campbell & T. Molleson, Eds.) Catalogue of Fossil Hominids Part II: Europe: 313-335.  British Museum (Natural History), London (with I. K. Ivanova and G. F. Debets).

1970      The Mousterian of European Russia.  Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 25: 77-112.

1970      Problems in the study of the Middle Stone Age of South Africa.  South African Archaeological Bulletin 25: 127-134.

1969      El hombre del Pleistoceno en el litoral oriental del Mar Negro.  Ampurias 29: 1-23.

1969      Mousterian cultures in European Russia.  Science 165: 257-265.

1967      Radiocarbon dates on occupation sites of Pleistocene age in the U.S.S.R.  Arctic Anthropology 4: 224-225.

1966      Chellean and Acheulean on the territory of the Soviet Union.  American Anthropologist 68(2,2): 1-45.

1965      The Middle Paleolithic of the Crimea.  Arctic Anthropology 3: 34-68.

Reviews, Letters, and Abstracts:

In press  “Elandsfontein” and “Nelson Bay Cave” for the Catalogue of Southern African Fossil Hominids (P. V. Tobias, ed.).  Brussels: Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences.  In press.

2009      Animals and People: Archaeozoological Papers in Honour of Ina Plug. (Badenhorst, Shaw, Mitchell, Peter, Driver, Jonathan C., editors).   BAR International Series 1849.  South African Archaeological Bulletin 64: in press.

2009      Spreeuwal: an Upper Pleistocene Wetland on the Western Cape Coast, South Africa.  Southern African Society for Quaternary Research Abstracts 2009: 11 (With G. Avery and K. Cruz-Uribe).

2009      Eland, Buffalo, and Wild Pigs: Are They Equally Abundant in Middle and Later Stone Age Sites?  Paleoanthropology 2009: A20 (with Tim Weaver and Teresa Steele).

2008      Gibraltar data are too sparse to inform on Neanderthal exploitation of coastal resource Gibraltar data are too sparse to inform on Neanderthal exploitation of coastal resources. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105 (51): E115 (with T. E. Steele)

2007      The Chosen Species: The Long March of Human Evolution (Juan Luis Arsuaga and Ignacio Martínez).  Quarterly Review of Biology 82: 307-308.

2007      “Shell artefact production at 32,000-28,000 BP in island Southeast Asia” by Katherine Szabó, Adam Brumm, and Peter Bellwood.  Current Anthropology 48: 716-717.

2006      “The Lower/Middle Paleolithic periodization in western Europe” by Gilliane F. Monnier.  Current Anthropology 47(5): 730-731

2006      “Ahead of the Game: Middle and Upper Palaeolithic Hunting Behaviors in the Southern Caucasus” by D. S. Adler et al.  Current Anthropology 47 (1): 108-109.

2004      Principles of Human Evolution (Second Edition) (Roger Lewin and Robert A. Foley).  Quarterly Review of Biology 79: 339.

2004      Neanderthals and Modern Humans: An Ecological and Evolutionary Perspective  (C. Finlyason).  Science 305: 45.

2003      “The origin of modern human behavior: critique of the models and their test implications” by Christopher S. Henshilwood and Curtis W. Marean.  Current Anthropology 44(5): 640-641.

2003      “An early case of color symbolism:  ochre use by modern humans in Qafzeh Cave” by Erella Hovers et al.  Current Anthropology 44: 512-513.

2002      Settlement Dynamics of the Middle Paleolithic and Middle Stone Age (N. J. Conard, ed.).  Journal of Human Evolution 42: 785-786.

2002      Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site Volume III ( J. D.. Clark).  Quarterly Review of Biology, 77: 195.

2002      Middle Pleistocene paleoenvironments of hominid sites in the Western Cape. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. Supp. 34: 58-58.  (with K. Cruz-Uribe).

2001      Humanity from African Naissance to Coming Millennia (P. V. Tobias, M. A. Raath, J. Moggi-Cecchi & G. A. Doyle, eds).  South African Archaeological Bulletin 65:110-111.

2001      The Encyclopedia of Human Evolution and Prehistory (E. Delson, I. Tattersall, J. A. Van Couvering, and A. S. Brooks, eds).  Quarterly Review of Biology 76: 532-533.

1999      Zooarchaeology (E. J. Reitz and E. S. Wing).  Journal of Anthropological Research: 55: 612-614.

1999      Human Beginnings in South Africa: Uncovering the Secrets of the Stone Age (H. J. Deacon and Janette Deacon).  South African Archaeological Bulletin: 54:149-150.

1999      Conceptual Issues in Modern Human Origins Research (G. A. Clark and C. M. Willermet, Eds.).  American Journal of Human Biology 11: 81.

1998      “Mousterian large-mammal remains from Kobeh Cave: behavioral implications for Neanderthals and early modern humans” (C. W. Marean and S. Y. Kim).  Current Anthropology 39: S96-S97.

1997      Race and Human Evolution: The Fatal Attraction (M. H. Wolpoff and R. Caspari).  Quarterly Review of Biology 72: 356.

1996      The Neanderthal Legacy: An Archaeological Perspective from Western Europe (P. A. Mellars).  Science 272, 822-823.

1995      Naming our Ancestors: An Anthology of Hominid Taxonomy (W. E. Meikle and S. T. Taylor, Eds.).  Quarterly Review of Biology 70:114.

1995      Honor Among Thieves: A Zooarchaeological Study of Neanderthal Ecology (M. C. Stiner).  Science 267: 1843-1844.

1994      Chimpanzee Material Culture: Implications for Human Evolution (W. C. McGrew).  Quarterly Review of Biology 69: 428-429..

1994      From Bones to Behavior: Ethnoarchaeologial and Experimental Contributions to the Interpretation of Faunal Remains (J. Hudson, Ed.)  American Antiquity 59: 565-566.

1994      The Origin of Modern Humans and the Impact of Chronometric Dating (M. J. Aitken, C. B. Stringer, and P. A. Mellars, Eds.).  International Journal of Primatology: 15: 327-329.

1993      The Origin and Evolution of Humans and Humanness (D. Tab Rasmussen, Ed.).  American Journal of Human Biology 5(5): 590-591.

1993      Before Lascaux: The Complex Record of the Early Upper Paleolithic (H. Knecht, A. Pike-Tay, and R. White, Eds.).  Science 262: 1751-1752.

1993      Making Silent Stones Speak: Human Evolution and the Dawn of Technology  (Kathy D. Schick and Nicholas Toth). Anthroquest 47, 16.

1993      The Human Evolution Source Book (R. Ciochon and J. Fleagle, Eds.).  Quarterly Review of Biology: 68: 467.

1993      The Middle Paleolithic: Adaptation, Behavior and Variability (H. L. Dibble and P. Mellars, Eds.). Journal of Field Archaeology 20, 237-240.

1993      Prehistory: The World of Early Man (J. Guilaine, Ed.).  Quarterly Review of Biology 68: 310.

1992      Contribution to the Archaeozoology of Central Africa (W. van Neer).  Palaeoecology of Africa 23: 215-220.

1992      A quarter century of paleoanthropology: views from the USA (L. G. Straus, ed.).  South African Archaeological Bulletin 47, 136-137.

1992      Narratives of Human Evolution (M. Landau).  Quarterly Review of Biology 67: 86-87.

1987      Stone Age Prehistory: Studies in Memory of Charles McBurney (G. N. Bailey & P. Callow, Eds.).  Antiquity 61: 142.

1987      Quantitative Zooarchaeology.  Topics in the Analysis of Archaeological Faunas (D. K. Grayson).  Quarterly Review of Archaeology 8(2): 8-9.

1987      Teeth (S. Hillson).  American Scientist 75: 645.

1986      The Omo Micromammals: Systematics and Paleoecology of Early Man Sites from Ethiopia (H. B. Wesselman).  American Anthropologist 88: 231-232.

1986      Faunal Remains from Klasies River Mouth (L. R. Binford).  American Anthropologist: 88: 494-495.

1986      “Systematic butchery by Plio/Pleistocene hominids at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania” (H. T. Bunn & E. M. Kroll).  Current Anthropology 27(5): 446-447.

1986      The Upper Paleolithic of the Central Russian Plain (O. Soffer).  Journal of Human Evolution 15: 827-828.

1985      Hominid Evolution and Community Ecology (R. Foley, Ed.). Nature 315: 609.

1985      The Origins of Modern Humans: A World Survey of the Fossil Evidence (F. H. Smith & F. Spencer, Eds.). Human Biology 57: 489-491.

1983      Ecology of Desert Organisms (G. Louw & M. Seely).  Choice 20: 1014.

1983      Paleoecology of Beringia (D. M. Hopkins, J. V. Matthews, Jr., C. E. Schweger & S. B. Young, Eds.)  Science 220: 1226-1227.

1983      The Lower and Middle Palaeolithic Periods of Britain (D. Roe).  Quaternary Research 15: 254-255.

1982      Rock Shelters of the Perigord (H. Laville, J.-Ph. Rigaud & J. Sackett).  Journal of Archaeological Science 85: 307-308.

1982      The Hunters or the Hunted? (C. K. Brain). Paleobiology 8: 171-175.

1982      Environmental Archaeology (M. Shackley).  American Scientist: 544-545.

1982      The Environment in British Prehistory (I. Simmons & M. Tooley, Eds.)  American Antiquity 47: 904.

1981      Prehistory of the Eastern Sahara (F. Wendorf & R. Schild).  American Anthropologist 83: 666-668.

1980      European Prehistory (S. Milisauskas).  American Antiquity 45: 209-210.

1980      Reindeer and Caribou Hunters: An Archaeological Study (A. E. Spiess).  Science 207: 632.

1980      Prehistoric Hunters of the High Plains (G. Frison).  Journal of Archaeological Science 7: 103-104.

1980      Paleonutrition (E. Wing and A. Brown).  Journal of Archaeological Science 7: 393-394.

1979      Olorgesailie: Archaeological Studies of a Middle Pleistocene Lake Basin in Kenya (G. Ll. Isaac).  American Anthropologist 81: 148-150.

1979      Nunamiut Ethnoarchaeology (L. R. Binford).  Journal of Archaeological Science 6: 207.

1979      La Préhistoire Française (H. de Lumley & J. Guilaine, Eds.). Quaternary Research 12: 156-157.

1979      The Emergence of Man (J. E. Pfeiffer).  The Quarterly Review of Biology 54: 213.

1978      Early Man in the Soviet Union: The Implications of some Recent Discoveries (C.B.M. McBurney).  Antiquity 52: 61-62.

1977      Where Hunters Gathered (H. J. Deacon).  South African Archaeological Bulletin 32: 93-96.

1976      Paleoanthropology, Morphology and Paleoecology (R. H. Tuttle, Ed.).  Quarterly Review of Biology 51: 558.

1975      Northeast Asia in Prehistory (C. S. Chard).  Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 35: 286-290.

1973      Environment and Archaeology (2nd Edition) (K. W. Butzer).  The Professional Geographer 25: 291-292.

1972      Atlas of Animal Bones (E. Schmid).  Quaternary Research 2: 258.

1972      The Study of Animal Bones from Archaeological Sites (R. E. Chaplin).  South African Archaeological Bulletin 27: 94.

1971      Prehistoric Russia: An Outline (T. Sulimirski).  American Anthropologist 73: 1422-1423.

1970      Human Origins: An Introduction to Physical Anthropology (T. W. McKern & S. McKern).  American Anthropologist 72: 710-711.

1969      “Evolution of Palaeolithic in Central and Eastern Europe” (K. Valoch).  Current Anthropology 9: 376.

1969      La Station Paléolithique d’Erd–Hongrie (V. Gabori-Czank). American Anthropologist 71: 1219-1223.

1969      Kak vozniklo chelovechestvo (How Mankind Originated) (Yu. V. Semenov).  American Anthropologist 71: 343-344.

1969      “Cultural traditions and environment of early man” (D. Collins).  Current Anthropology 10: 307.

1969      “Neanderthal Man and Homo sapiens in Central and Eastern Europe” (J. Jelinek).  Current Anthropology 10: 493-495.

1967      Izobrazheniya cheloveka v paleoliticheskom isskustve Evrazii (Portrayals of man in the Paleolithic Art of Eurasia) (Z. A. Abramova).  American Anthropologist 69: 534-535.

1966      Archaeology and Geomorphology of Northern Asia: Selected Works (H. N. Michael, Ed.) and The Soviet Far East in Antiquity an Archaeological and Historical Study of the Maritime Region of the U.S.S.R. (A. P. Okladnikov).  American Anthropologist 68: 1302-1303.

Editorial and Review Boards (* = past):

Journal of Archaeological Science, Editor

African Natural History

*Chicago Academy of Sciences

Evolutionary Anthropology

*Geoarchaeology

*International Council for Archaeozoology (ICAZ)

Journal of Field Archaeology

*Journal of Human Evolution

L. S. B. Leakey Foundation, Chair, Grants Committee

*National Science Foundation Archeology Panel

*National Science Foundation, HOMINID Panel

*PALEO: Révue d’Archéologie Préhistorique

*Paleobiology

*Paleoecology of Africa

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

Quaternary Research

*Science Year (World Book)

South African Archaeological Bulletin

*United States National INQUA Committee

*Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research, Advisory Board

Current Professional Memberships:

American Academy of Arts and Sciences

American Association of Physical Anthropologists

California Academy of Sciences

National Academy of Sciences

Royal Society of South Africa

South African Archaeological Society (President July 2002 – July 2004)

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Peter Nilssen, February 28th 2010 | Tags: , , , , , , , , , , ,
Posted in Richard G. Klein

Heritage Resources – Definitions

 

Definitions of Heritage Resources – taken from Heritage Western Cape  Notification of Intent to Develop

 

1          Cultural significance means aesthetic, architectural, historical, scientific, social, spiritual, linguistic or technological value or significance.

2          Heritage resource means any place or object of cultural significance.

            “Place” includes –

(a)       a site, area or region;

(b)       a building or other structure which may include equipment, furniture, fittings and other articles associated with or connected with such building or other structure;

(c)        a group of buildings or other structures [and associated equipment, fittings, etc];

(d)       an open space, including a public square, street or park; and

(e)       in relation to the management of a place, includes the immediate surroundings.

3          Archaeological means –

(a)       material remains resulting from human activity which are in a state of disuse and are in or on land and which are older than 100 years, including artefacts, human and hominid remains and artificial features and structures;

(b)       rock art, being any form of painting, engraving or other graphic representation on a fixed rock surface or loose rock or stone, which was executed by human agency and which is older than 100 years, including any area within 10m of such representation;

(c)        wrecks, being any vessel or aircraft, or any part thereof, which was wrecked in South Africa or in the maritime zone of the Republic, any cargo, debris or artefacts found or associated therewith, which is older than 60 years or which Heritage Western Cape considers to be worthy of conservation; and

(d)       features, structures and artefacts associated with military history which are older than 75 years and the site on which they are found.

4          Palaeontologicial means any fossilised remains or fossil trace of animals or plants which lived in the geological past, other than fossil fuels or fossiliferous rock intended for industrial use, and any site which contains such fossilised remains or trace.

5          Public monuments and memorials means all monuments and memorials –

(a)       erected on land belonging to any branch of … government or on land belonging to any organisation funded by or established in terms of the legislation of such a branch of government; or

(b)       which were paid for by public subscription, government funds, or a public-spirited or military organisation, and are on land belonging to any private individual.

6          Living heritage means the intangible aspects of inherited culture, and may include cultural tradition, oral history, performance, ritual, popular memory, skills and techniques, indigenous knowledge systems and the holistic approach to nature, society and social relationships.

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Peter Nilssen, February 1st 2010 | Tags: , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
Posted in Archaeology & Heritage

2008 Reports

Below are Archaeological and/or Heritage Impact Assessment reports submitted and approved in 2008.  Contact CHARM directly for reports earlier than 2008 – also see Peter’s CV.

 

Exploratory Archaeological Excavations

Person(s): Peter Nilssen & Anthony Manhire
Date: 2008
Project:  The Proposed Development of Romansbaai on Portions 2, 17, 18 of Farm Klipfonteyn 711, Romansbaai, Gansbaai, Western Cape Province. Exploratory Investigation of Shell Middens to make Recommendations for Archaeological Mitigation. Prepared For: Danger Point Ecological Development Company (Pty) Ltd and Heritage Western Cape, (HWC permit No. 2008-07-01). CHARM cc Great Brak River
View Report:  http://www.carm.co.za/reports/2008/gansbaai explrtry invest & recommendations for mitigation.pdf
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Archaeological Heritage Impact Assessment

Person(s):  Peter Nilssen
Date:  2008�
Project:  Two Portions of Erf 2861 and the Whole of Erf 6422, Mossel Bay, Magisterial District Eden, Western Cape Province: Proposed Asazani/Zinyoka Subsidised Housing Project.  Prepared for Mr. Francois Theron of CSM Consulting Services (Pty) Ltd
View Report:   http://www.carm.co.za/reports/2008/ahia – asazani & zinyoka.pdf
______________________________________________________________________________________ 

Person(s):  Peter Nilssen
Date:  2008�
Project: Erf 14205 (Portion of Erf 1) Oudtshoorn, Magisterial District Eden, Western Cape Province: proposed development of a Shopping Centre. For Chand Environmental Consultants, Ms. Melanie van Breda. CHARM cc Great Brak River
View Report:  http://www.carm.co.za/reports/2008/ahia – oudtshoorn shopping centre.pdf
_______________________________________________________________________________________

Person(s):  Peter Nilssen
Date:  2008�
Project:  Remainder Portion 54 of the Farm Hooge Kraal 238, Magisterial District George, Western Cape Province: proposed development of a small, “Eco Friendly” and environmentally sustainable Health Spa. For Lekala Eco Tourism Management (Pty) Ltd, Ms Karen Waterson. CHARM cc Great Brak River
View Report:   http://www.carm.co.za/reports/2008/ahia – hooge kraal 238 -glentana – george.pdf
_______________________________________________________________________________________

Archaeological Excavations in Mitigation

Person(s):  Peter Nilssen
Date:  2008�
Project:  Of the Series of Test Pits in Areas 1 to 5 of the Pinnacle Point Shell Midden Complex. Erf 15387 and a portion of Erf 2001, Farm Boplaas, Pinnacle Point, Mossel Bay, Western Cape Province. Progress Report Prepared For: Heritage Western Cape – April 2008. CHARM cc Great Brak River
View Report:  http://www.carm.co.za/reports/2008/pinnacle point progress report final april 2008 – with resized pics.pdf
_______________________________________________________________________________________

Person(s):  Peter Nilssen
Date:  2008�
Project:  Erf 15387 and a portion of Erf 2001, Farm Boplaas, Pinnacle Point, Mossel Bay, Western Cape Province. Archaeological Excavations in Mitigation of the Series of Test Pits in Areas 1 to 5 of the Pinnacle Point Shell Midden Complex.  Progress Report Prepared For: Heritage Western Cape. CHARM cc Great Brak River
View Report:   http://www.carm.co.za/reports/2008/pinnacle point midden complex progress report jan 2008.pdf
_______________________________________________________________________________________

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Peter Nilssen, January 30th 2010 | Tags: , , , , , , , , , , , ,
Posted in 2008 reports