Andrew B. Smith

 

Archaeologist

 

After retirement from UCT, I have worked as an independent heritage consultant in South Africa doing archaeological assessment and mitigation for heritage requirements on the Cape West and South coasts.

I have wide archaeological field experience in USA, Ghana, Egypt, Mali, Niger, Sudan, Namibia and South Africa. Having worked on prehistoric sites and taught in the Archaeology Dept., UCT for the past 30 years, I have intimate knowledge of the background research history of all periods, although my own research has tended to be within the last 2000 years.

I am available for independent consultancy to do NID’s, Phase I and Phase II evaluation, assessment and mitigation of archaeological sites in the Western, Southern and Eastern Cape. This will include fieldwork and reporting that will conform to the requirements for Heritage Western Cape and the South African Heritage Resources Agency within the heritage and environmental legislation.

__________________________________________________________________

CURRICULUM  VITAE

 Andrew Brown Smith

 

PERSONAL INFORMATION

 Born:                            2 January 1941, Glasgow, Scotland, U.K.

 Address:                       Department of Archaeology

                                    University of Cape Town

                                    RONDEBOSCH  7700, South Africa

Telephone:                    University  +27 (021) 6502354/3

                       After hours +27 (021) 6861608

Fax:                              (021) 6502352

e-mail:                          andrew.smith@uct.ac.za

EDUCATION

1958                Scottish Leaving Certificate, Glasgow, Scotland

1968    B.A. Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley

1974    Ph.D. Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley

     (Dissertation on post-palaeolithic human adaptation in the Saharan and Sahel zones of West Africa.)

 

EMPLOYMENT HISTORY

 1963-65 Off-shore Navigation Inc. (Shoran Base Station Operator in Persian Gulf and North Africa)

1969-72 Teaching Assistant, Anthropology Department, University of California, Berkeley

1973-75 Lecturer, Archaeology Department, University of Ghana

1977-2006 Associate Professor, Archaeology Department, University of Cape Town

 

 

MEMBERSHIPS, PROFESSIONAL

West African Archaeological Association

Pan-African Association of Prehistory & Quaternary Studies

Royal Society of South Africa

South African Archaeological Society

Honorary Curator National Monuments Council

Fellow of the American Anthropological Association

Association of Southern African Professional Archaeologists

Association of Professional Heritage Practitioners

AWARDS, HONOURS AND GRANTS

 1966    Institute of International Studies Award, Univ.of Oregon

1969-73 University of California, Doctoral Fellowship

1970    Ford Foundation, Traineeship in Archaeology

1972   National Science Foundation Doctoral Research Award

1972-1975 Royal Geographical Society Research Award

1977-82           University of Cape Town, Research Committee Award

1978-81 Oppenheimer Inst. for African Studies Research Award

1978    H.S.R.C. ad hoc Research Award

1983    H.S.R.C. ad hoc Research Award

1984    H.S.R.C.ad hoc Research Award

1985    H.S.R.C. ad hoc Research Award

            Oppenheimer Inst. for African Studies Research Award

1986    H.S.R.C. ad hoc Research Award

1987    H.S.R.C. ad hoc Research Award

1988    H.S.R.C. ad hoc Research Award

1989    H.S.R.C. ad hoc Research Award

1990    H.S.R.C. ad hoc Research Award

1991    H.S.R.C. ad hoc Research Award

            Swan Fund Research Award

1992    H.S.R.C. ad hoc Research Award

            Swan Fund Research Award

1993    URC Award

            Swan Fund Research Award

1994    H.S.R.C. Award

            Swan Fund Research Award

1995    U.R.C. Award

            Swan Fund Research Award

1997    H.S.R.C. Award

2001   Oppenheimer Trust Award

2002    Benedict Distinguished Professor, Carleton College

2004   Oppenheimer Trust Award

2006    President of the South African Archaeological Society

2006    Professor Emeritus, UCT

PUBLICATIONS

 1) Books

1992    Pastoralism in Africa: Origins and Development Ecology. London:Hurst

1993    (with R.H. Pheiffer)  The Khoikhoi at the Cape of Good Hope: 17th Century Drawings in the South African Library. Cape Town: South African Library

1995    Einiqualand:  People of the Orange River Frontier.  Cape Town: UCT Press.

1996    (with C. Malherbe, E. Boonzaier & P. Berens) The Cape Herders. Cape Town: David Philip

2000                (with C. Malherbe, M. Guenther & P. Berens) The Bushmen of Southern Africa: A Foraging Society in Transition. Cape Town: David Philip.

2005  African Herders: Emergence of Pastoral Traditions. Walnut Creek: Altamira Press.

2006    Excavations at Kasteelberg, and the Origins of the Khoekhoen in the Western Cape, South Africa. Oxford: BAR S1537.

2008  (with J.D. Clark et al) Adrar Bous: Archaeology of a Central Saharan Granitic Ring Complex  in Niger. Studies in Human Sciences 170. Musée Royale de l’Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgium.

2) Chapters in Books

1978    Die ersten Haustiere in der Sahara In Kuper, R. (ed.) Sahara. 10,000 Jahre zwischen Weide und Wuste, Museen der Stadt, Koln, 220-221.

1980    The Neolithic Tradition in the Sahara  In Williams, M.A.J. and Faure, H. (eds.)  The Nile and the Sahara  Balkema, Netherlands, pp. 451-465.

1980    Domesticated Cattle in the Sahara and their introduction into West Africa  In Williams, M.A.J. and Faure, H. (eds.)  The Nile and the Sahara, Balkema, Netherlands, pp. 489-501.

1984    Origins of the Neolithic in the Sahara In Clark & Brandt, (eds.) From Hunters to Farmers : Considerations of the Causes and Consequences of Food Production in Africa.  Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, pp. 84-92.

1984    Adaptive Strategies of Prehistoric Pastoralism in the Southwestern Cape In Hall, M.J., Avery, G., Avery D.M.,Wilson M.L. & Humphreys A.J.B. (eds.)  Frontiers:  Southern African Archaeology Today.  Oxford: B.A.R. pp. 131-142.

1986    The Ethnoarchaeology of Pastoralism in the Saharan and Sahel Zones of West Africa  In Liverani, M., Palmieri, A. and Peroni, R. (eds.)  Studi di Paletnologia in Onore di Salvatore M Puglisi.  Rome, Istituto di Paletnologia, pp. 57-70.

1994    Metaphors of space: rock art and territoriality in southern Africa. in Dowson, T.A. & Lewis-Williams, J.D. (eds) Contested Images: Diversity in Southern African Rock Art Research. Wits Univ Press, pp. 373-384.

1994    Khoikhoi (Khoekhoe or Hottentots) in Saunders, C.C. (ed) An Illustrated Dictionary of South African History. Johannesburg: Ibis Books, pp. 151-154.

1994    (with M. Biesele & M. Jacobsohn) African Desert People in Seely, M. (ed) Deserts. Sydney: Weldon Owen, pp. 94-105.

1994    Dutch artists at the Cape in the 17th & 18th centuries, and the development of Khoikhoi iconography in Waher, H. (ed) Rondom Roy. Studies opgedra aan Roy H. Pheiffer. Dept. Afrikaans en Nederlands, UCT, pp.185-196.

1994    The archaeological evidence for indigenous domestic stock in the southwestern Cape in Judson, E. (ed) Conservation of Early Domesticated Animals of Southern Africa. Pretoria: NASCO, pp. 12-26.

1996    Pastoralists, African: Saharan Pastoralists & The Khoikhoi of Southern Africa in Fagan, B.M. (ed) The Oxford Companion to Archaeology,  OUP, pp.560-562.

1996    Khoi/San relationships: marginal differences or ethnicity in Skotnes, P. (ed) Miscast: Negotiating the Presence of the Bushmen. Cape Town: UCT Press, pp. 249-251.

1997    Pastoral Lifeways: Southern African pastoralists.  In Vogel, J.O. (ed)  Encyclopedia of Precolonial Africa.  London:AltaMira Press, pp. 210-213.

1999    Hunters and herders in the Karoo landscape. In Dean, W.R.J. & Dean, S. (eds) The Ecology of the Karoo. Cambridge Univ. Press, pp. 243-256.

1999           Archaeology and evolution of hunters and gatherers. In Lee, R.B. & Daly, R. (eds) The        Cambridge Encyclopedia of Hunter-Gatherers.  Cambridge Univ. Press, pp. 384-390.

2000    The origins of the domesticated animals of southern Africa.  In: Blench, R.M. & MacDonald, K.C. (eds) The Origins and Development of African Livestock: Archaeology, Genetics, Linguistics and Ethnography.  Univ. of London Press, pp. 222-238.

2000   (with Lita Webley) Women and men of the Khoekhoen of Southern Africa. In Hodgson, D. (ed) Rethinking Pastoralism: Gender, Culture and the Myth of the Patriarchal Pastoralist, London : David Currey. pp. 72-96.

2000   The origins of pastoralism in Namibia.  In: Bollig, M. & Gewald, J-B. (eds) People , Cattle and Land. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag, pp. 55-76.

2001    Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic. In: Peregrine, P.N & Ember, M. (eds) Encyclopedia of Prehistory, Volume 1: Africa. New York: Kluwer Academic, pp. 245-259.

2002  Les Khoekhoe. In: Joubert, H. & Valentin, M. (eds) Ubuntu: Arts et Cultures d’Afrique du Sud. Paris: Musée national des Arts d’Afrique et d’Océanie, pp. 44-49.

2002   The Pastoral landscape in Saharan prehistory.  In: Lenssen-Erz, T. et al (eds) Tides of the Desert: Festschrift for Rudolf Kuper. Köln: Heinrich-Barth Institut, pp. 447-457.

2004  Animal husbandry, nomadic breeding and domestication of animals. In Squires, V.R. (ed) The Role of Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries in Human Nutrition. Encyclopedia of  Life Support Systems, UNESCO. Oxford: Eolss Publishers 1-17.

2005   Desert solitude: the evolution of ideologies amongst pastoralists and hunter-gatherers in arid North Africa.  Veth, P., Smith, M. & Hiscock, P. (eds) Desert Peoples: Archaeological Perspectives. London : Blackwell, pp. 261-275.

2005   The archaeology of hunter-herder interaction in the drylands of southern Africa. In: Smith, M. & Hesse, P. (eds) 23°S:Archaeology and Environmental History of the Southern Deserts. Canberra: National Museum of Australia, pp. 250-266.

2005   Neolithic North Africa (pp. 1081-1082); Domestication, plant and animal, history of (pp. 362-363) in Africa.  In: Shillington, K. (ed) Encyclopedia of African History. London: Fitzroy Dearborn.

2006  Historical perspectives on the rock art of the Sahara and southern Africa. In: Le Quellec, J-L (ed) Hic sunt leones: Melanges sahariens en l’honneur d’Alfred Muzzolini. Cahiers de l’AARS 10:185-197.

2007  Africa, South: Farmers, Herders, and Forager Interaction. Encyclopedia of Archaeology. Oxford: Elsevier.

2008  Early herders in southern Africa: a synthesis. In :Badenhorst, S (ed) Animals and People: Archaeozoological Papers in Honour of Ina Plug.  Oxford: BAR International Series 1849: 94-103.

2008   Is absence of evidence, evidence of absence? Problems in the Archaeology of early herding societies of southern Africa.  The Archaeology of Mobility. UCLA Conference on Nomadism.

in prep Post-glacial transformations in Africa. Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology and Anthropology of Hunter-Gatherers.

3) Scientific Journal Papers

1973    (With J D Clark & M A J Williams):  The geomorphology and archaeology of Adrar

                        Bous, Central Sahara : a preliminary report. Quaternaria, 17:245-297.

1974    Preliminary report of Excavations at Karkarichinkat Nord and Sud, Tilemsi Valley, Mali, Spring, 1972.  West African J. of Archaeology 4:33-55.

1975    A note on the flora and fauna from the postpalaeolithic sites of Karkarichinkat Nord and Sud.  West African J. of Archaeology  5:201-204

1975    Radiocarbon dates from Bosumpra Cave, Abetifi, Ghana.  Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 41:179-182.

1978    (With M R Ripp & S B Lane)  An archaeological Reconnaissance of the Doorn/Tanqua Karoo.  South African Archaeological Bulletin 33(128):118-133.

1978    Terracottas from the Tilemsi Valley, Mali. Bull. I.F.A.N., ser. B, 40 (2):223-234.

1979    Biogeographical Considerations of Colonization of the Lower Tilemsi Valley in the 2nd Millenium B.C.  J. of Arid Environments 2:355-361.

1979    Analyse topologique de l’industrie lithique du site de Tintan  In Petit-Maire, N. (ed.)  Le Sahara Atlantique a l’Holocene : peuplement et ecologie.  Memoire du C.R.A.P.E.  28:269-70.

1981    An Archaeological Investigation of Holocene Deposits at Rooiels Cave, South-Western Cape.  S. African Archaeological Bull. 36:75-83.

1981    The French Period at the Cape, 1781-1783 : a report on excavations at Conway Redoubt, Constantia Nek.  Military History Journal 5(3):107-113.

1983    Prehistoric pastoralism in the Southwestern Cape, South Africa.  World Archaeology 15(1):79-89.

1983    The Hotnot Syndrome: myth-making in South African School textbooks.  Social Dynamics 9(2):37-49.

1984    Environmental limitations on prehistoric pastoralism in Africa  African Archaeological Review, 2:99-111.

1984    The Origins of Food Production in Northeaast Africa In Van Zinderen Bakker, E.M. & Coetzee, J.A. (eds.)  Palaeoecology of Africa 16:317-324.  Balkema, Netherlands.

1984    (With J. Kinahan):  The invisible whale.  World Archaeology  16(1):89-97.

1985    (With M. Patrick and A.J. de Koning):  Gas liquid chromatographic analysis of fatty acids in food residues from ceramics found int he Southwestern Cape, South Africa. Archaeometry 27(2):231-236.

1986    Competition, Conflict and Clientship : Khoi and San Relationships in the Western Cape  In Hall, M. and Smith, A.B. (eds.)  Prehistoric Pastoralism in Southern Africa. South African Archaeological Society, Goodwin Series 5:36-41.

1984-86 Development of Khoikhoi society in South Africa : Implications for pastoral archaeology. Origini 13:409-424.

1986    Excavations at Plettenberg Bay, South Africa of the campsite of the survivors of the wreck of the São Gonçalo, 1630.  Int. J. of Nautical Archaeology and Underwater Exploration 15:53-63.

1986    Comment on ‘Striated Grinding Grooves in Central Africa”  by R. Derricourt  S. African Archaeol. Bulletin  41:93-94.

1986    Review Article:  Cattle Domestication in North Africa. African Archaeological Review 4:197-203.

1988    (With C. Poggenpoel)  The technology of bone tool fabrication from the Southwestern Cape, South Africa.  World Archaeology 20(1):103-115.

1989    Khoikhoi susceptibility to virgin soil epidemics in the 18th Century.  South African Medical Journal 75:25-6.

1990    (with E.A. Boonzaier, M.T. Hoffman & F.M. Archer) Communal land use and the ‘tragedy of the commons’ some problems and development perspectives with specific reference to semi-arid regions of southern Africa. J. Grassland Soc. South. Afr.7:2:77-80.

1990    The origins and demise of the Khoikhoi: the debate. South African Historical J. 23: 3-14.

1990    Gordon on Sparrman. Quart. Bull. S.A. Library. 45:2:72-77.

1990    On becoming herders: Khoikhoi and San ethnicity in Southern Africa. African Studies 49:2:51-73

1991    (with K. Sadr) On ceramic variation in the South-western Cape, South Africa.  S. Afr. Archaeol. Bull. 46: 107-114

1991    (with K. Sadr, J. Gribble & R. Yates) Excavations in the South-western Cape South Africa, and the archaeological identity of prehistoric hunter-gatherers within the last 2000 years.  S. Afr. Archaeol. Bull. 46: 71-91

1992    Col Robert Gordon’s notes on the Khoikhoi, 1779-80.  Annals South African Cultural History Museum 5: 1: 1-56.

1992    (with S. Woodborne, E.C. Lamprechts & F.R. Riley) Marine Mammal Storage: Analysis of Buried Seal Meat at the Cape, South Africa. J. of Archaeological Science 19: 171-180

1992    Origins and spread of pastoralism in Africa.  Annual Review of Anthropology 21:125-141.

1993    Different facets of the crystal: early European images of the Khoikhoi at the Cape, South Africa. in Hall, M. & Markell, A (eds) Historical Archaeology in the Western Cape, Goodwin Series 7, South African Archaeological Society, pp. 8-20.

1993    Marine mammal exploitation by prehistoric Cape herders.  South African J. of Science 89:162-165.

1993    (with Royden Yates) A reevaluation of the chronology of Oudepost: a reply in part to Schrire. South African Archaeological Bulletin 48:52-3

1993    (with Royden Yates) Ideology and hunter/herder archaeology in the South Western Cape. Southern African Field Archaeology 2:2:96-104

1993    Origins and spread of pastoralism in Africa.  Nomadic Peoples 32:91-105

1994    (with R.H. Pheiffer) Letter from Robert Jacob Gordon to Hendrik Fagel, 1779. Brenthurst Archives 1(2)

1995    (with L. Jacobson) Excavations at Geduld and the appearance of early domestic stock in N. Namibia. S. African Archaeol. Bull. 50:3-14.

1995    Drawings of the Khoikhoi at the Cape of Good Hope: an update and response to Schrire. S. African Archaeol. Bull. 50:83-86.

1996       (with Royden Yates & Leon Jacobson) Geduld contra Kinahan.                                                                                                                                                               

South African Archaeological Bulletin 51:36-39.

1996      The Kalahari Bushmen Debate: implications for archaeology of Southern Africa. S. African Historical J. 35:1-15.

1997       (with R.B. Lee) Cho/ana: archaeological and ethnohistorical evidence for recent hunter-gatherer/pastoralist contact in Northern Bushmanland, Namibia. S. African Archaeological Bulletin 52:52-58

1997    (with C.A. Bollong & C.G. Sampson) Khoikhoi and Bushman pottery in the Cape Colony: Ethnohistory and Later Stone Age ceramics of the South African interior. J. of Anthropological Archaeology 16:269-299.

1997    Keeping hunters on the periphery: the ideology of social hierarchies between Khoikhoi and Soaqua. Kronos 24:9-17

1998    Khoesaan orthography. South African Archaeological Bulletin 53: 37-8.

1998    Keeping people on the periphery: the ideology of social hierarchies between hunters and herders. J. of Anthropological Archaeology 17:201-215.

1998    Early domestic stock in Southern Africa: A Commentary. African Archaeological Review 15 (2):151-156.

1999     The archaeology of the Ju/’hoansi Bushmen. Milan: Archeologia Africana 5:75-84

2000   Ideas on the Later Cultural History of the Central Sahara.  Sahara 12: 101-106.

2001   Public and hidden transcripts: a response to Cronk and Dickson. J. of Anthropological Archaeology 20:122-124.

2001    Ethnohistory and archaeology of the Ju/’hoansi Bushmen. African Study Monographs, Suppl. 26: 15-25.

2001    (with Dave Halkett, Tim Hart & Belinda Mütti) Spatial patterning, cultural identity and site integrity on open sites: evidence from Bloedrift 23, a pre-colonial herder camp in the Richtersveld, Northern Cape Province, South Africa.  South African Archaeological Bulletin 56:23-33.

2002    (with Marie Balasse, Stanley Ambrose & T.Douglas Price) The seasonality mobility model for prehistoric herders in the south-western Cape of South Africa assessed by isotopic analysis of sheep enamel. J. of Archaeological Science 29: 917-932.

2003     (with Marie Balasse, Stanley Ambrose & Steven Leigh) Determining birth seasonality by analysis of tooth enamel oxygen isotope ratios: the Late Stone Age site of Kasteelberg (South Africa). J. of Archaeological Science 30: 205-215.

2003  (with K. Sadr, I. Plug, J. Orton & B. Mutti) Herders and foragers on Kasteelberg. South African Archaeological Bulletin 58: 27-32.

2003   Préhistoire des pasteurs sahariens actuels. Bulletin de la Société préhistorique Ariège-Pyrénées 58: 251-268.

2004   A prehistory of modern Saharan pastoralists. Sahara 15:  43-58.

2005   The concepts of ‘Neolithic’ and ‘Neolithisation’ for Africa. Before Farming 1, article 2: 1-6.

2005   Origins and spread of African pastoralism. Blackwell History-Compass 4 (1): 1-7.

2006    Kasteelberg, a sealing camp of Cape herders in the Western Cape Province, South Africa. Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology 1 (1): 109-122.

2008         Pastoral origins at the Cape, South Africa: influences and arguments. Southern African Humanities 20: 49-60.

2009 (with B. Mutti) A simple measure of intensity of human occupation of shell density as seen on the Vredenburg Peninsula coast. South African Archaeological Bulletin 64: 172-175.

2009 Hegemony of the Neolithic: or what we have lost by becoming food producers. South African Archaeological Bulletin 64: 100-103.

2009 Guest Editorial: A Born Again CRM Practitioner. South African Archaeological Bulletin 64: 99

2009 Pastoralism in the Western Cape Province, South Africa: a retrospective review. Journal of African Archaeology 7 (2)

4) Conference Proceedings

1976    A microlithic industry from Adrar Bous, Tenere Desert, Niger.  Proceedings of the 7th Pan-african Congress of Prehistory Addis Ababa, pp. 181-196.

1980    Saharan and Sahel Zone Environmental Conditions – the Later Pleistocene and Early Holocene. Proceedings of the 8th Pan African Congress of Prehistory , Nairobi, pp. 139-142.

1988    The Near Eastern Connection.  Early to Mid-Holocene relations between N. Africa and Levant  In Krzyzaniak, L and M. Kobusiewicz (eds.)  Late Prehistory of the Nile Basin and the Sahara, Poznan:  Muzeum Archeologiczne, pp. 69-77.

1990    (with I. Thackeray) The Black Hole of South African School History Syllabi. in Olivier, A.I.(ed) National Subject Didactics Symposium, Univ.of Stellenbosch, pp.510-519.

1991    Adjusting to drought conditions in an event-driven system: an example from a Namaqualand reserve.  Proc. of Conference on Pastoral Economies in Africa and Long-Term Responses to Drought. Univ. of Aberdeen, pp. 109-115

1991    Early Khoi Drawings in the South African Library. In Bibliophilia Africana VI.  Proc. 6th South African Conference of Bibliophiles. Cape Town: South African Library, pp. 98-106

1993    New Approaches to Saharan Rock Art. in Calegari, G. (ed) L’Arte e l’Ambiente del Sahara Preistorico: Dati e Interpretazioni. Memorie della Società Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano, pp. 466-78.

1993    Terminal Palaeolithic industries of Sahara: a discussion of new data.  In Krzyzaniak, L. (ed) Environmental Change and Human Culture in the Nile Basin and Northern Africa until 2nd Millenium B.C. Poznan: Muzeum Archeologiczne, pp. 69-75.

1993    New approaches to Saharan rock art of the Bovidian Period. In Krzyzaniak, L. (ed) Environmental Change and Human Culture in the Nile Basin and Northern Africa until 2nd Millenium B.C. Poznan: Muzeum Archeologiczne, pp. 77-89.

1996         The ‘Neolithic': a barbaric concept for the Sahara? Colloquium XXX, The Prehistory of Africa, IUSPP Congress, Forli, Italy, Vol.15:219-223.

1996         The archaeological evidence for pre-Colonial hunter/herder ethnicity at the Cape, South Africa in Pwiti, G. & Soper, R. (eds) Aspects of African Archaeology. Harare: Univ. of Zimbabwe, pp. 469-476

1996       The Near Eastern connection II: cultural contacts with the Nile Delta and the Sahara in Krzyzaniak, L., Kroeper, K. & Kobusiewcz, M. (eds) Interregional Contacts in the Later Prehistory of Northeastern Africa. Poznan Archaeological Museum, pp. 29-35.

1998        Intensification and transformation processes towards food production in Africa. In di Lernia, S. & Manzi, G. (eds) Before Food Production in North Africa: Questions and Tools Dealing with Resource Exploitation and Population Dynamics at 12,000-7000 B.P. Proceedings of Workshop 14, XIII IUSPP, Forli, Italy , pp. 19-33.

1998        Hunters on the periphery: the ideology of social hierarchies between Khoikhoi and Soaqua.  In Bank, A. (ed) The Proceedings of the Khoisan Identities and Cultural Heritage Conference. Cape Town: Institute for Historical Research, University of the Western Cape, pp. 74-79.

2005 Creating a landscape for Saharan pastoral archaeology. In Barich, B.E., Tillet, T. & Striedter, K.H. (eds) Hunters vs. Pastoralists in the Sahara: Material Culture and Symbolic Aspects. Oxford: BAR International Series 1338: 47-50.

2006  Ideological inhibitors to hunters becoming food producers in Africa. Proceedings of the 18th Biennial Meeting of the Society of Africanist Archaeologists, Calgary, June 2006. http://cohesion.rice.edu/CenterAndInst/SAFA/emplibrary/Smith,A.SAFA2006.pdf

5) Contract Reports

2007         (with B.J. Mutti & M.Patrick) Archaeological Test Excavations: Erf 460 St. Helena Bay, Vredenburg Magisterial District, Western Cape.

                   (with B.J. Mutti & M.Patrick) Archaeological Test Excavations: Erven 55 and 462 St. Helena Bay, Vredenburg Magisterial District

2008          (with B.J. Mutti and T. Manyaapelo) Report on the Exhumation of Human Skeletal Remains from Portion 37 of Farm Uitkomst 23 – Saldanha Bay Municipality 2008

                   (with B.J. Mutti and M.Patrick) Report on Archaeological Test Excavations:Remainder of Farm 26 Paternoster 2008

                   (with B.J. Mutti) Scoping Survey of Erven 4067 and 4439 Simonstown

                   (with B.J. Mutti and M.Patrick)) Report on Archaeological Test Excavations: Portion 20 of Farm 108 Jacobsbaai

                   (with B.J. Mutti and M.Patrick) Baseline Archaeological Impact Assessment Report on Madwaleni Hospital Access Road: Transkei

                   (with B.J. Mutti) An Archaeological Assessment of Lagoon Garden Estate: Erven 1992 and 2646 – Great Brak River

                   (with B.J. Mutti & M.Patrick) Archaeological Test Excavations: Erven 35 and 40 St Helena Bay – Vredenburg Magisterial District

2009           (with B.J. Mutti and M.Patrick) Report on Additional Archaeological Test Excavations:Remainder of Farm 26 Paternoster

                  (with M.Patrick, B.J. Mutti, S.Winter, N.Baumann, H.Clift, T. Clarke and J. Almond)      Final Scoping Heritage Impact Assessment: Gamma-Omega 765 Kv Transmission Line

                   (with B.J. Mutti) Draft Report on Test Excavations at Fort Wynyard – Erven 1252,1253,1056 Cape Town

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Peter Nilssen, March 26th 2010 | Tags: , , , , , , ,
Posted in Andrew B. Smith

Stefan de Kock

  

Heritage Practitioner – HIA Management – Urban Panning

Stefan

 

Stefan is a generalist heritage practitioner, is educated in other fields and specialized in certain areas of Heritage Impact Assessment. For further details see his CV posted below.

  

 

HERITAGE RELATED EXPERIENCE: PERCEPTION Heritage Planning

Principal Stéfan de Kock 

Date of Birth 1973 

Nationality South African 

Education B-Tech: Town and Regional Planning (C-Tech, SA) 

Environmental Impact Assessment Management (Dublin University, IRL) 

Architectural & Urban Conservation (University of Cape Town, SA) 

Urban Design Decision Making (University of Cape Town, SA) 

Professional Corporate Member of the Irish Planning Institute 

Membership Member of the Association of Heritage Assessment Practitioners 

Being a Member of the Association of Heritage Assessment Practitioners (AHAP), Stéfan de Kock 

is currently involved in the following projects in capacity as Heritage Practitioner: 

  • · Preliminary Heritage Survey (Red Flag Mapping) for proposed George Western Bypass;
  • · Submission of NID / Heritage Impact Assessment for Helderberg International School:

Gustrouw 918/82, Stellenbosch; 

  • · Preliminary Heritage Survey for Riversdale CBD with draft Heritage Inventory as part of multidisciplinary

“Riversdale Re-vitalisation Programme”; 

  • · Preliminary Heritage Survey of George CBD as part of investigation for proposed George

Mobility Strategy, initiated by the Western Cape Provincial Department of Transport; 

  • · Assist George Municipality in compilation up of a tender for the appointment of professionals

to undertake Heritage Inventory for the George Municipal Area; 

  • · Preliminary Heritage Survey for proposed re-development of Erf 1268, Wilderness (Fairy

Knowe Hotel; 

  • · Assist George Municipality in drawing up of a tender for the appointment of professionals to

undertake Heritage Inventory for George; 

  • · The following submissions in terms of Section 38 of the National Heritage Resources Act,

1999 (Act 25 of 1999) (not all mentioned here): 

– Mooikloof Residential Estate, Hansmoeskraal 202/21, 23, 24, 48 & 48, George (NID); 

– Monteniqua Sports Academy and Forest Estate, Houtbosch 212/33, 47, 50 and Farm 

216/5, 8, 9, Remainder, George (NID); 

– Camdeboo Eco Reserve, Bo Plaat 287 and De Vreede 286, Graaff Reinet (NID); 

– Residential development, Kraaibosch 195/3, George (NID, HIA); 

– Residential development, Erven 1992 and 2646, Great Brak River (NID, HIA); 

– Residential development, Erf 2098, Plettenberg Bay (NID, HIA); 

– Residential development, Erven 923 and 6212, Oudtshoorn (NID, HIA); 

– Stonehouse Country Estate, Hillview 437/9, Knysna (NID); 

– Boutique hotel, Houtbosch 212/51, George (NID); 

– Kwanokuthula Housing Extension, Plettenberg Bay (NID); 

– Heidevallei Land Reform Project, Knysna (NID, HIA) 

– Extension of Eastford Bulk Services Infrastructure (NID); 

– Extension of Kraaibosch Bulk Sewer line – Phase Two (NID); 

– Tarka Land Claim, Mossel Bay (Land Claim Commission) (NID, HIA); 

– Agricultural development, Abrahamskraal, Prince Albert (NID); 

– Residential development, Erf 419 (Reebok), Mossel Bay (NID); 

– Residential development, Erf 1115 (Tergniet), Mossel Bay (NID); 

– Duinekraal Residential Estate, Duinekroon 591/ Remainder, (Still Bay) Riversdale (NID); 

– Residential development, Kraaibosch 195/ 256, 273, George (NID, HIA); 

– Hotel development, Gansevallei 444/38, Plettenberg Bay (NID); 

– Borcherds bus depot, George Mobility Strategy (NID); 

– Social Housing project, Astley 439/2, 22, Plettenberg Bay (NID); 

  • · Application for permit to demolish structure older than 60 years in terms of National Heritage

Resources Act, 1999 (Act 25 of 1999): Erf 22 (Oaklands), Johannesburg. 

From September 2001until February 2004, he joins An Bord Pleanala (Irish National Planning 

Appeals Board), a Directorate of the Irish National Department of Environment, Heritage and Local 

Government. Here he gains extensive knowledge on particularly high- and medium density urban 

residential projects, urban conservation, rural- and agricultural related projects. Heritage-related 

projects researched and adjudicated includes the following (copies of these reports available on 

request): 

  • · Construction of 5 x four bedroom detached dormer dwellings, 4 x three bedroom semidetached

dwellings, 5 apartment blocks each containing 1 x two bedroom apartment and 1 x 

one bedroom apartment as well as associated site works at Rosses Upper, Rosses Point, 

Sligo (PL027.125453); 

  • · Demolition of existing double storey building and construction of new office building for

Wexford County Council at Hill Street, Wexford (PL085.126065, PL85.201523); 

  • · Construction of eleven dwellings, Bawn Street, Strokestown, County Roscommon

(PL027.127097); 

  • · Marina basin, link to existing canal, toilet block, refuse store, general stores, petrol- and diesel

pumps, 6 dwellings and new service road from public road at Old Schoolhouse to proposed 

development, including services, small sewerage treatment plant and car parking area at 

Mount Plunket, Lecarrow, County Roscommon (PL027.126488); 

  • · Demolition of existing three storey building and construction of new three storey building with

basement storage, licensed restaurant/take-away on ground floor level and office space on 

first- and second floor levels at 31a John Street, Waterford (PL31.127607); 

  • · Refurbishment and change of use of a Martello Tower (a protected structure) to an archive at

Brighton Vale, Seapoint, County Dublin (PL06D.128362); 

  • · Demolition of existing 2 storey office building; removal of adjacent on grade car park; Mixed

development comprising Office space at ground- and first floor levels; 5 two-bedroom 

apartments; 1 two-bedroom maisonette; 1 one-bedroom apartment at first- and second floor 

levels together with associated services and development works at 7-12 Baggot Court, Dublin 

2, County Dublin (PL29D.129210); 

  • · Construction of three 52m high wind turbines and ancillary works at Gibraltar, Stratford-on-

Slaney, County Wicklow (PL27.130834); 

  • · Construction of a two-turbine wind farm consisting of turbine towers not exceeding 71m in

height and turbine rotors not exceeding 71.5m in diameter with ancillary buildings and 

incidental site works at Kilmullin, Newtownmountkennedy, County Wicklow (PL27.200319); 

  • · Alterations to shop front and entrance to upper floors at Robert Chambers Hair Salon, 69

Grafton Street, Dublin 2, County Dublin (PL29S.201076); 

  • · Construction of overhead electricity line of double circuit 110kV from Killowen and

Huntingtown to Banoge, County Wexford (PL26.202379); 

  • · Demolition of dwelling and construction of 21 apartments and 2 townhouses with revised

vehicular access onto Stillorgan Park Road at Meadow Court, Stillorgan Park, Blackrock, 

County Dublin (PL06D.202962). 

In December 2002, Stéfan is elected as a Corporate Member of the Irish Planning Institute. He is 

also sanctioned by An Bord Pleanala to engage in further studies and completes a Diploma in 

Environmental Impact Assessment Management at the Dublin University in 2002. During 2003 he 

is also sanctioned to attend the Planning Summer School, held at the University of Wales, under 

the auspices of the Royal Town Planning Institute. In December 2003, returns to South Africa and 

in February 2004 and founds PERCEPTION Environmental Planning. The focus of this 

consultancy is primarily on Urban Planning projects and Heritage Impact Assessment throughout 

the Western- and Eastern Cape. In June 2007 completes a course in Architectural & Urban 

conservation at the University of Cape Town. 

Prior to 2001, he acquired experience within the South African public sector during respective 

employment terms with Mossel Bay Municipality, George Municipality and Eden District 

Municipality (c. 5.5yrs). He also spent time in the private sector (c. 0.5yrs) when joining Aikman 

Architects and Planners as an Urban Planner where he gained experience in various private/ 

public sector ventures relating to urban development, e.g. proposed re-development programme 

for William Porter Reformatory, Tokai. 

PERCEPTION Heritage Planning 

PO Box 9995, GEORGE, 6530 

Fax: 086 510 8357 

Mobile: 082 568 4719 

E-mail: perceptionenvplg@gmail.com 

_________________________________________________________

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Peter Nilssen, February 26th 2010 | Tags: , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
Posted in Stefan de Kock

Kathleen Schulz

Historical researcher specialising in archival and deeds office research.  Kathleen has extensive experience in a variety of heritage related subjects – see CV below for further details.

 

feels like home - Kathleen - Suikerbuilt 145

“She is a passionate researcher, someone who is able to interpret historical information beyond the written text. Her extensive use of Archival and Deeds Office resources enables her to provide concise and pertinent research reports.”

 I have known Kath for longer than I care to mention and have great respect for everything she does.  See further details in her CV posted below.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CURRICULUM VITAE

 

KATHLEEN SCHULZ -RUBIN

 

(Updated February 2010)

 

Personal Details

ADDRESS:                                                        11 Boekenhout Street

                                                                        George – 6529                                                               

TELEPHONE NUMBER                                      082 563 7927

E MAIL ADDRESS                                                kschulz@absamail.co.za                                         

BIRTHDAY                                                       15 January 1949

MARITAL STATUS                                            Divorced

CURRENT EMPLOYMENT STATUS                   Contractor: Specialist Historical Researcher

NUMBER OF CHILDREN                                    4 (adult)

STATUS OF HEALTH                                        Excellent

VALID DRIVERS LICENCE                                CODE 08

ABRIDGED BACKGROUND

1967-1976 Pietermaritizburg – Natal

Employer: Shepstone & Wylie Attorneys 

Position:  Deeds Office Researcher

Deeds searches of significance included the annual Durban Municipal rates search, (tracing owners of properties) and searches for ESCOM, tracing ownership and restrictive clauses attached to properties over which pylons were to be built.

Volunteer work

Pietermarizburg Museum 

Position:  Volunteer Researcher

Researched archival material pertaining to 17th century ship wrecks along the

Eastern Cape shorelines for Professor Tim Maggs (Archaeologist).  This material

was used in a paper presented at the 1979 World Conference of Archaeologists

held in Cape Town.   

Spent one year in London.

1977-1981 Stellenbosch

Employer: Stellenbosch University, Archaeology Department

Position: Part time research assistant

Duties included:

Sorting artifacts from the late iron-age site ‘Boomplaas’ (in the Cango region) for Professor H Deacon; 

Oral interviewing of Nama inhabitants at Leliefontein, Namaqualand, in order to establish seasonal migratory patterns;

Artwork for publications.

Employer: Self

Position: Craft Market co-ordinator and Potter

Established a Saturday morning street market in Stellenbosch known as the ‘Dorp Steeg’ market. 

 

Employer: Progressive Federal Party

Position: Part time administrator – Stellenbosch

Duties included:

Organizing political speakers to address student audiences;

Administering student and adult committees; 

Organizing fund raising events;

Delegating duties to volunteer election workers.

1982-1989 George

Employer: George Museum

Position: Volunteer Researcher

Duties included:

Research of woodcutters in the Knysna forests and the original Dutch East India Company settlement in the George.

Research was undertaken in the Cape Town Deeds Office and Cape Town Archives.

1990-1993 Cape Town

Employer: University of Cape Town – Department of Historical Archaeology

Position: Researcher and co-ordinator of Contract Archaeology unit. 

Duties included:

  • Research of 17th and 18th century Dutch class structures and gender issues for Professor Martin Hall.
  • Co-ordination of archaeological contract field trips;
  • Administration of the Contracts Office;
  • Committee member and co-ordinator of archaeological world conference held at UCT in 1991(SAE3);

1993-May 1995 Cape Town                              

Employer: Self

Position: –  Archival and Deeds Researcher

Research commissions or projects assigned included:

  • 17th century Vergelegen Cape Farm

Specific assignment to trace the slave ancestry of 17th century slaves residing at Vergelegen – in an attempt to identify the female skeletal remains found in the Vergelegen ‘slave lodge’ during archaeological excavations.  Report delivered to Dr Anne Markell, U C T.   Genealogical lines were traced for 16th and 17th century owners of Vergelegen.

  • Elsenburg Agricultural College

A tender bid was successful to provide historical background to the Agricultural College for the purpose of promoting tourism and public relations.  Research included a full 17th and 18th century archival and deeds search.  Genealogical lines were traced for owners of the farm.

  • 18th-19th century – Block LL Central Cape Town research
  • Directed by Dr Antonia Malan of UCT Archaeology Department to provide an in-depth report on the deeds records for a central block in the Cape Town urban grid.
  • 18th century – Gabled homesteads of the Western Cape
  • Professor Martin Hall UCT- Historical Archaeology contracted my services intermittently when funds were available, to gain more information on builders of gabled 18th century homes of the Cape.  The elements of rural aristocracy were researched and compared with known vernacular styles of early farmsteads.
  • Lost City of the Kalahari

Mr. A Castiglioni of Centro Ricerche su Deserto Orientale, Milan, Italy, requested a feasibility report on the viability of locating the so-called “Lost City of the Kalahari”.

  • 17th century – Cape Town Gardens

Dr Pamela Rodetti of London University requested a full archival search for the various botanical species planted in the Cape Town Gardens during the 17th century.

  • 17th century – Copper mining, West Cape Coast

Dr. Duncan Miller, UCT requested an extensive report on copper mining activities in Namaqualand during 17th century.

  • Calitzdorp

Professor Garth Sampson (Archaeology Department – Methodist University Dallas, Texas), employed my services to establish the land lineage of the Karoo town, Calitzdorp.

  • Op-Onder Sneeuwberg

Professor Sampson also requested a full investigatory archival/deeds search, depicting migratory and settlement patterns of 18th century Trek Boers in the Graaff-Reinet region of Op-Onder Sneeuwberg.

1995 Botswana                        

Employer: Professor Pierre de Marais, University of Brussels

Position:  Researcher

Duties included:

Identifying indigenous potters of Botswana;

Interviewing potters;

Recording techniques used in constructing pots;

Recording mythology of ceramic decoration;

Mapping clay source sites.

1996-2001 George

Employer: Commission on Restitution of Land Rights – Department of Land Affairs

Instrumental in establishing the Land Restitution office in George.

Position: Researcher

Duties included:

  • Deeds and archival research.
  • Compilation of research reports for community and urban land restitution claims in the South Cape region.
  • Pre-settlement negotiations involving stakeholders of land claims.
  • Assistance with compilation of Ministerial Submissions for Land Settlement Agreements and Mandates to Negotiate.
  • Close collaboration with NGO sectors and claimants.
  • General office administration.

 During the period of employment a thorough understanding of land dispossessions and political background pertaining to the South Cape region was acquired.

Courses attended        

  • Employment Equity and Culture Change in Management.
  • Mediation and Arbitration – Land Reform.
  • Applying Project Management to Public Service Delivery.
  • Land Restitution – Policy and Implementation.
  • Participatory Planning for Effective Legal Entities (Land reform).
  • Prescribed Personal Performance Management Systems workshops.

Reason for resignation: Burn out, health was suffering.

2002 -2004

Employer                                             Department of Arts, Culture and Sport

Position:                                              Researcher

Duties included:                                  

Detailed research and text writing for museum display purposes : Client,George Museum.

Subject: ‘The Story of Forced Removals executed by previous Governments within the George

Municipal boundary’.

2005

Consultancy work. Providing the history component of Heritage Impact

Assessments for proposed developments in Southern Cape.

Projects delivered to Environmental Consultants HilLand Associates, George;

   Hoogekraal Leasure Lifestyles (Glentana)

   De Gouritz (Gouritz river mouth)

   Outeniquabosch (Hartenbosch)

   Founders Estate (Knsyna)

   Cango Cycle Route (Oudtshoorn)

   Riverhill (Wilderness)

2006

Research tasks included;

  • Le Grand Golfing and Residential Estate. George.

Historical report for Le Grand Golfing and Residential Estate, Gwaing River mouth :   Client Embale Shamba CC.

  • Waterloo Bay Great Fish River.

Historical report for residential estate, Waterloo Bay situated on the eastern bank of the Great Fish river. The report provided historical supplementary information requested by Ms M Attwell – Heritage Consultant, Cape Town, for the purpose of compiling a heritage impact assessment.  : Client, Crawford and Company/Shand Environmental Consultants.

  • Suikerbult Community – Oudtshoorn.

Suikerbult community were dispossessed of their land rights in 1968. Burial grounds existed on the dispossessed land which lay fallow until 2001. In 2001 Oudtshoorn Municipality built housing units on Suikerbult land, partially destroying the demolished and disused burial ground. A facilitated way forward was requested of me by Poem Mooney (Chief, Attaqua Tribe) and the dispossessed Suikerbult community. Successful mediation resulted in the community’s request for full reburial of human remains to the Oudtshoorn municipal cemetery being acceded to by Municipality. This project was assisted by SAHRA (South African Heritage Resource Agency) field workers and the University of Cape Town’s Contract Archaeology team.

 2007     McGregor Heritage Training Programme.      

South African Heritage Resource Agency employed my services to provide archival research training to seven heritage trainee students resident in McGregor. The programme was sponsored with SA Lotto funding and the contract duration was three months. Training included a one week practical course in Cape Town during which students were familiarized with research resource centres, namely the Cape Town Archives, Cape Town Deeds Office and Mowbray Surveys and Mapping offices. Students were provided with a research methodology toolkit, compiled and presented by myself. The toolkit was tailored to their particular research project needs. Additional training periods were executed every three weeks for three/four days at a time in McGregor.

             Prince Albert Museum.

Three months was spent in Prince Albert with the Prince Albert Museum Volunteer Group – sorting and cataloging the museum’s paper and photographic collection. Guidance and additional support was provided by the Department of Arts Culture and Sport, Museum services, George and Cape Town offices.

17th c Cape Town Dutch East India farm Rustenburg, currently occupied by University Cape Town   (UCT).

Sally Titlestad, Cape Town based researcher requested archival research assistance in order to verify the existence of an alleged slave burial site on land intended for development by the UCT.

Robololo, Flenters and Concordia West, housing project, Knsyna.

A report was compiled for Dr. Peter Nillsen Archaeologist, providing the background history of a disused burial ground on land earmarked for a housing project.

 2008 and 2009

Worked closely with local Heritage Practitioner Stefan de Kock, providing historical reports for both Heritage Impact Assessments and Notifications of Intent to Develop for submission to Heritage Western Cape.

Historical Research reports submitted to S. de Kock include: 

  • George Western Bypass Road Project. Notification of Intent to Develop submitted to Heritage Western Cape. (Hereunder referred to as NID) for Western Cape provincial authorities.
  • Groot Brak erf 1992. (NID) and Heritage Impact Assessment (HIA).
  • Tarka, Mossel Bay. Land Restitution Settlement.
  • Eastford (Knysna) Bulk Services. (NID)
  • Erf 157 Pacaltsdorp. Preliminary Heritage Statement.
  • Fairy Knowe. Extensions to the hotel. Section 34(1), submitted to Heritage Western Cape
  • George Mobility Study. Heritage Statement, George Municipal authorities.
  • Heidevalei, Knysna (Land reform programme). (NID)
  • Zwartrivier farm 183. Private client. NID and HIA
  • Grootefontein, Still Bay. Heritage Statement
  • Malgaskraal and Witfontein George (NID) George Municipal authorities.
  • Melkhoutkraal, Knysna (NID) Knysna Municipal authorities.
  • Merweville, Karoo (NID) Beaufort West Municipal authorities
  • Southern Arterial Bypass road.  George Municipal authorites
  • George Museum renovations. Section 34 application (National Heritage Resources Act 25 of 1999).
  • Keurboomstrand erf 157. Report on land use Patterns. Private owner.
  • Hoekwil erf 43. Background research report. Private owner. 
  • Cape Town City Mobility Project. Sub-contracted by Sally Titlestad to source historical pictorial images for street signage from Cape Town railway station to the new soccer stadium in Green Point.

 2010 Projects submitted thus far.

  • George Rand Street Road Extension Project. George Municipal authorities. Expanded NID. 

           Personal research.

  • Compilation of a genealogy data base of early South Cape ethnic race groups. Currently the data base lists 2358 family surnames. Information is obtained from various archival sources including church records, Cape Town Archives, Cape Town Deeds Office and oral sources.  
  • Constant acquisition and collation of archival material relating to the Southern Cape in order to add value to my desk top archive.

__________________________________________________________

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Peter Nilssen, February 2nd 2010 | Tags: , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
Posted in Kathleen Schulz

Heritage Resources – Definitions

 

Definitions of Heritage Resources – taken from Heritage Western Cape  Notification of Intent to Develop

 

1          Cultural significance means aesthetic, architectural, historical, scientific, social, spiritual, linguistic or technological value or significance.

2          Heritage resource means any place or object of cultural significance.

            “Place” includes –

(a)       a site, area or region;

(b)       a building or other structure which may include equipment, furniture, fittings and other articles associated with or connected with such building or other structure;

(c)        a group of buildings or other structures [and associated equipment, fittings, etc];

(d)       an open space, including a public square, street or park; and

(e)       in relation to the management of a place, includes the immediate surroundings.

3          Archaeological means –

(a)       material remains resulting from human activity which are in a state of disuse and are in or on land and which are older than 100 years, including artefacts, human and hominid remains and artificial features and structures;

(b)       rock art, being any form of painting, engraving or other graphic representation on a fixed rock surface or loose rock or stone, which was executed by human agency and which is older than 100 years, including any area within 10m of such representation;

(c)        wrecks, being any vessel or aircraft, or any part thereof, which was wrecked in South Africa or in the maritime zone of the Republic, any cargo, debris or artefacts found or associated therewith, which is older than 60 years or which Heritage Western Cape considers to be worthy of conservation; and

(d)       features, structures and artefacts associated with military history which are older than 75 years and the site on which they are found.

4          Palaeontologicial means any fossilised remains or fossil trace of animals or plants which lived in the geological past, other than fossil fuels or fossiliferous rock intended for industrial use, and any site which contains such fossilised remains or trace.

5          Public monuments and memorials means all monuments and memorials –

(a)       erected on land belonging to any branch of … government or on land belonging to any organisation funded by or established in terms of the legislation of such a branch of government; or

(b)       which were paid for by public subscription, government funds, or a public-spirited or military organisation, and are on land belonging to any private individual.

6          Living heritage means the intangible aspects of inherited culture, and may include cultural tradition, oral history, performance, ritual, popular memory, skills and techniques, indigenous knowledge systems and the holistic approach to nature, society and social relationships.

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Peter Nilssen, February 1st 2010 | Tags: , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
Posted in Archaeology & Heritage